{"title":"the-modern-age-regular-stock","description":"","products":[{"product_id":"world-war-ii-collection","title":"World War II Collection - 1940's - 6 Coins","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e This collection is a \u003cstrong\u003ecomplete World War II display piece,\u003c\/strong\u003e bringing together coins from every major power in the Allied \u003cstrong\u003eFour Powers\u003c\/strong\u003e and the Axis \u003cstrong\u003eTripartite Pact\u003c\/strong\u003e. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo matter the country, World War II coins were made with one goal in mind: \u003cstrong\u003elow c\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eosts\u003c\/strong\u003e. Typical coin metals like copper and silver were thrown out in favor of cheaper ones like \u003cb\u003esteel, aluminum, or zinc\u003c\/b\u003e. The war even drove the United States mint to produce the \u003cstrong\u003e\"steel war penny\"\u003c\/strong\u003e in 1943, because copper had to be conserved for making bullets. Some nations like Japan even resorted to \u003cstrong\u003eplastic or porcelain\u003c\/strong\u003e coins, which are quite rare today.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll of these coins are unique to the World War II era, and bear the scars of the time. Though how we remember history's greatest conflict may be up for debate, one thing is for certain—we shall never forget it.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach collection comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity,\u003c\/strong\u003e as well as \u003cstrong\u003einfo cards \u003c\/strong\u003efor each coin.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"m\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"margin-top: 20px; float: none;\" height=\"2048x2048\" width=\"2048x2048\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/1920px-Teheran_conference-1943_2048x2048.jpg?v=1604448677\" alt=\"Stalin, FDR, and Churchill\" data-mce-style=\"margin-top: 20px; float: none;\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/1920px-Teheran_conference-1943_2048x2048.jpg?v=1604448677\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"d\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"margin-top: 20px; float: none;\" height=\"1024x1024\" width=\"1024x1024\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/1920px-Teheran_conference-1943_600x600.jpg?v=1604448677\" alt=\"Stalin, FDR, and Churchill\" data-mce-style=\"margin-top: 20px; float: none;\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/1920px-Teheran_conference-1943_600x600.jpg?v=1604448677\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe Allied leaders of the European theatre: Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union), Franklin D. Roosevelt (US), and Winston Churchill (UK)\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":32780429525039,"sku":"COL-MD-WWII","price":69.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/20230217142541_IMG_1777_2_67f38271-18da-4d5b-b632-aa00930f702e.png?v=1743105337"},{"product_id":"the-black-hand-wwi","title":"World War I, The Black Hand - 1914 - Serbia","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e The \u003cstrong\u003eBlack Hand (also known as Unification or Death) \u003c\/strong\u003ewas a Serbian secret society allegedly responsible for the\u003cb\u003e assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand\u003c\/b\u003e, commonly considered to be the spark that ignited the \u003cstrong\u003eFirst World War\u003c\/strong\u003e. The organization sought to break free from the \u003cstrong\u003eHapsburg \u003c\/strong\u003emonarchy and unite all the South Slavic states not already ruled by Serbia or Montenegro.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe assassination of the archduke, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, occurred on \u003cstrong\u003eJune 28th, 1914\u003c\/strong\u003e in \u003cstrong\u003eSarajevo\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003eA cohort of six assassins, coordinated by a member of the \u003cstrong\u003eBlack Hand\u003c\/strong\u003e, attacked the archduke's motorcade in the street as he drove to meet the city's mayor. After a failed bombing attempt, the assassins successfully approached Franz's vehicle on his return journey—shooting both him and his wife at point blank range.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis coin is a \u003cstrong\u003esilver Serbian \u003cem\u003edinar\u003c\/em\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003ethat circulated during the\u003cstrong\u003e Great War\u003c\/strong\u003e following the archduke's assassination. It features a portrait of \u003cstrong\u003eKing Peter I\u003c\/strong\u003e, who ruled as King of Serbia from 1903 to 1918 and later ruled Yugoslavia after the war. Each coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"m\" style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"World War I, chaos in the streets following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Gavrilo_Princip_captured_in_Sarajevo_1914_2048x2048.jpg?v=1605211481\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"d\" style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"World War I, chaos in the streets following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Gavrilo_Princip_captured_in_Sarajevo_1914_2048x2048.jpg?v=1605211481\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eChaos in the streets of Sarajevo following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32906818879535,"sku":"MD-WWI-BLKHD","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553827979548,"sku":"MD-WWI-BLKHD-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/WorldWarIBlackHand.jpg?v=1743105333"},{"product_id":"queen-victoria-penny-1837","title":"Queen Victoria Penny - 1837 - United Kingdom","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQueen Victoria\u003c\/strong\u003e was a monarch that defined the 19th century—so much so that the years of her reign became known as the \u003cstrong\u003eVictorian Age. \u003c\/strong\u003eThese pennies depict the queen throughout different stages of her life, with later strikes depicting an older veiled portrait. The different portrait types are visible on the \u003cstrong\u003ethird image\u003c\/strong\u003e above, and a random variant will be sent with each order.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Victorian Age was a prosperous dystopia. While an expanding middle class of British citizens thrived as technology and culture flourished, the lower classes toiled under the shadow of the \u003cstrong\u003eIndustrial Revolution\u003c\/strong\u003e. Cities saw rapid expansions and both political and social reform were on the rise, but the era was also plagued by regimented factory life and child labor. Overall, the age was a double edged sword of gleaming progress and destitute poverty.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese copper pennies were struck between \u003cstrong\u003e1833 and 1901 (the years of Victoria's reign)\u003c\/strong\u003e. Each is guaranteed genuine and comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"m\" style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" height=\"2048x2048\" width=\"2048x2048\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Queen_Victoria_2048x2048.jpg?v=1605567886\" alt=\"Queen Victoria, young and old\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"d\" style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" height=\"2048x2048\" width=\"2048x2048\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Queen_Victoria_2048x2048.jpg?v=1605567886\" alt=\"Queen Victoria, young and old\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eVictoria as a princess in 1833 (13 years old), and again as queen in 1882 (69 years old).\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32906816061487,"sku":"MD-ENG-VICT","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553827815708,"sku":"MD-ENG-VICT-NO","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/VictoriaPenny.jpg?v=1743105331"},{"product_id":"world-war-ii-opa-ration-tokens-1942","title":"World War II OPA Ration Tokens - 1942 - United States","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese vulcanized fiber tokens were issued by the \u003cstrong\u003eOffice of Price Administration (OPA)\u003c\/strong\u003e, a United States government agency created during World War II in order to oversee the rationing of scarce goods and keep prices stable to curb inflation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRation tokens\u003c\/strong\u003e (and their companions,\u003cstrong\u003e ration stamps\u003c\/strong\u003e) had no cash value, but were required to purchase certain goods. For everyday items like sugar or beef, a customer would need the right amount of ration stamps in addition to cash in order to make their purchase\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e—the same was true for non-food goods like tires or gasoline. Each household was issued their own book of ration stamps to use, and these tokens were handed out as \"small change\" to split the value of a single stamp.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003eWhile all these tokens shared a similar design, they were issued two colors: red and blue. The different colors were valid for different products, but their functions were essentially the same.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach token has been thoroughly inspected and includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e. They measure 16mm in diameter.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"m\" style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/How_to_Shop_With_Ration_Book_Two__-_OAC_-_bk0007t0n59_2048x2048.jpg?v=1611176589\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"d\" style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/How_to_Shop_With_Ration_Book_Two__-_OAC_-_bk0007t0n59_2048x2048.jpg?v=1611176589\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eInstructions issued by the OPA for purchasing goods with ration stamps.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Red OPA Token \/ Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32920468455471,"sku":"MD-US-OPA-R","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Red OPA Token \/ No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $10.00 each)","offer_id":32920468488239,"sku":"MD-US-OPA-R-NO","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Blue OPA Token \/ Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32920468521007,"sku":"MD-US-OPA-B","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Blue OPA Token \/ No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $10.00 each)","offer_id":32920468553775,"sku":"MD-US-OPA-B-NO","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Both Tokens (Red and Blue) (15% off) \/ Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32920468586543,"sku":"MD-US-OPA-RB","price":38.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Both Tokens (Red and Blue) (15% off) \/ No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $10.00 each)","offer_id":32920468619311,"sku":"MD-US-OPA-RB-NO","price":17.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/BlueToken.jpg?v=1743105315"},{"product_id":"john-f-kennedy-campaign-pin","title":"John F. Kennedy Campaign Pin - 1960 - United States","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlease choose a design from the dropdown menu above. Design availability may vary, so please refer to the photos to see our current stock!\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese are original campaign pins in \u003cstrong\u003ewearable condition\u003c\/strong\u003e from \u003cstrong\u003eJohn F. Kennedy's\u003c\/strong\u003e first and only presidential run in 1960. He ultimately defeated his Republican rival \u003cstrong\u003eRichard Nixon\u003c\/strong\u003e with a slim majority, in part due to his smooth and charismatic demeanor during the nation's first televised presidential debates. Each pin includes a \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"_04xlpA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003eAs one of the most influential figures in mid-20th century politics, John F. Kennedy had a short but impactful term as U.S. president. Kennedy was born in Massachusetts to a family with a long history of public service. As a young adult, Kennedy attended Harvard University before joining the Navy as a PT boat commander during World War II. He went on to serve in both houses of the United States Congress before being elected president. Kennedy spent his time in office leading the U.S. through many noteworthy crises of the Cold War, until he was tragically assassinated in 1963.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca id=\"faq-btn\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eFrequently Asked Questions\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ \"Kennedy for President\"","offer_id":44372966015260,"sku":"MD-US-KDY-K4P","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ \"Kennedy and Johnson\"","offer_id":39314967134255,"sku":"MD-US-KDY-KJ","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ \"Students for Kennedy\"","offer_id":40452240998447,"sku":"MD-US-KDY-ST","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Spanish: \"Triumfa con Kennedy\" ($8 off)","offer_id":40452241031215,"sku":"MD-US-KDY-ES","price":21.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the pin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ \"Kennedy for President\"","offer_id":51553825358108,"sku":"MD-US-KDY-K4P-NO","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the pin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ \"Kennedy and Johnson\"","offer_id":51553825390876,"sku":"MD-US-KDY-KJ-NO","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the pin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ \"Students for Kennedy\"","offer_id":51553825423644,"sku":"MD-US-KDY-ST-NO","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the pin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Spanish: \"Triumfa con Kennedy\" ($8 off)","offer_id":51553825456412,"sku":"MD-US-KDY-ES-NO","price":6.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Kennedy.jpg?v=1743105303"},{"product_id":"little-miami-railroad-co-stock-certificate-1920s","title":"Little Miami Railroad Stock Certificate - 1920's - Pre–Depression","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e These are original stock certificates for the \u003cstrong\u003eLittle Miami Railroad Company\u003c\/strong\u003e of southwestern \u003cstrong\u003eOhio. \u003c\/strong\u003eThey are all dated circa \u003cstrong\u003e1925\u003c\/strong\u003e, and were used to prove ownership of capital stock. Each one has been issued and later cancelled, with clearly printed \u003cstrong\u003edates and signatures\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eLittle Miami Railroad Company\u003c\/strong\u003e was incorporated in 1836, and became an important transportation route connecting the Ohio River to the Great Lakes for over a century. It continued to operate until 1981, when it merged with a larger railroad. Today, the former Little Miami route still exists as a scenic bike trail.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe United States experienced an economic boom in the 1920's, after it emerged victorious from \u003cstrong\u003eWorld War I\u003c\/strong\u003e and transformed into a\u003cstrong\u003e true global power\u003c\/strong\u003e. As a result, \u003cstrong\u003einvesting soared\u003c\/strong\u003e and stock certificates like these were issued in record numbers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf course, this was all temporary—and the hard times of the \u003cstrong\u003eGreat Depression\u003c\/strong\u003e in the 1930's would soon make prosperity feel like a distant memory.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe stock certificate comes with a rigid archival document holder for preservation and handling. A Certificate of Authenticity is also included.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNOTE: This certificate has no value as a financial asset, and will not be honored by any extant company today.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca id=\"faq-btn\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eFrequently Asked Questions\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39376795631663,"sku":"MD-STOCK-LMR","price":17.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/6_20210528_093931_0005.jpg?v=1743105296"},{"product_id":"dayrock-mining-co-stock-certificate-great-depression-1930s","title":"Dayrock Mining Co. Stock Certificate - 1930's - Great Depression","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e These stock certificates were issued during the \u003cstrong\u003eGreat Depression\u003c\/strong\u003e by the Idaho based \u003cstrong\u003eDayrock Mining Company\u003c\/strong\u003e. Each is dated around \u003cstrong\u003e1936\u003c\/strong\u003e, and was traded at a par value of $0.10 per share. The hand written signatures of the bearer and company officials are also present on each certificate.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eDayrock Mining Company\u003c\/strong\u003e was established in \u003cstrong\u003eWallace, Idaho\u003c\/strong\u003e in 1923, originally as the \u003cstrong\u003eStratton Mines Company\u003c\/strong\u003e. It was located within the \u003cstrong\u003eCoeur d'Alene Mountains \u003c\/strong\u003eof northern Idaho, a mineral rich area with a long history of mining.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough the company itself ceased to exist in 1953, the Dayrock Mine continued operations until 1977 and Wallace remains the \u003cstrong\u003elargest silver producer in the world to this day\u003c\/strong\u003e. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eGreat Depression \u003c\/strong\u003ewas one of the worst economic downturns in modern history, lasting from the \u003cstrong\u003estock market crash\u003c\/strong\u003e in 1929 until the end of the 1930's. It affected rich and poor alike, and severe unemployment meant that many families struggled to put food on the table. The effects of the Depression gradually subsided leading up to the U.S. entrance into \u003cstrong\u003eWorld War I\u003c\/strong\u003eI, ushering the country into a new era.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe stock certificate comes with a rigid archival document holder for preservation and handling. A Certificate of Authenticity is also included.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNOTE: This certificate has no value as a financial asset, and will not be honored by any extant company today.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca id=\"faq-btn\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eFrequently Asked Questions\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":39376804708399,"sku":"MD-STOCK-DMC","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/2_20210528_093931_0001.jpg?v=1743105295"},{"product_id":"national-geographic-world-war-i-1914-1918","title":"National Geographic (WWI or WWII) - 1914 – 1945 - United States","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003eThese are genuine, original issues of \u003cstrong\u003eNational Geographic\u003c\/strong\u003e dating back to \u003cstrong\u003eWorld War I\u003c\/strong\u003e or \u003cstrong\u003eWorld War II\u003c\/strong\u003e (the specific month and year you receive will be random, but all will be dated within the chosen period).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach has about 100 pages of content with topics related to history, culture, and the natural world, with both written articles and photographs. \u003cstrong\u003eThe World War I issues have mostly black and white photos, while the World War II ones have mostly color\u003c\/strong\u003e. The magazines include about 20 pages of vintage advertisements as well, which provide an incredible look into life in the 1910's and 1940's!\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThey are still in mostly good condition, with some staining and tears on the outer covers. The interior bindings have deteriorated due to the metal staples used in these magazines, but all pages are still secure. 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One month later, a single US dollar would be worth 4,210,500,000,000 German marks. To put this in context, a loaf of bread that cost 160 Marks at the end of 1922 would have cost 200,000,000,000 Marks by late 1923!\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThough there were many factors that lead to this hyperinflation, much of it can be attributed to the \u003cstrong\u003eTreaty of Versailles\u003c\/strong\u003e. This agreement required Germany to pay off its debts from the First World War using either gold or foreign money. When Germany ran out of gold, it started buying up foreign currency to make its payments. However, this made German marks relatively worthless due to the amount of money that the government had to create to buy other currencies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe banknote comes with a rigid archival document holder for preservation and handling. 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The damaged bills are a harrowing reminder of a dark chapter in human history.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNotes come with an archival grade currency protection sleeve. 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The combined face value of all seven bills is 683,000,000 marks!\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis collection contains each of the following denominations, all dated 1923: 500, 100, 50, 20, 10, 2, and 1 million marks.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn October 1923, the \u003cstrong\u003eGerman Papiermark\u003c\/strong\u003e currency was experiencing a monthly inflation rate of about 29,500%, causing prices to double every 3.7 days. One month later, a single US dollar would be worth 4,210,500,000,000 German marks. To put this in context, a loaf of bread that cost 160 Marks at the end of 1922 would have cost 200,000,000,000 Marks by late 1923!\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThough there were many factors that lead to this hyperinflation, much of it can be attributed to the \u003cstrong\u003eTreaty of Versailles\u003c\/strong\u003e. This agreement required Germany to pay off its debts from the First World War using either gold or foreign money. When Germany ran out of gold, it started buying up foreign currency to make its payments. However, this made German marks relatively worthless due to the amount of money that the government had to create to buy other currencies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe banknote comes with an archival document holder for preservation and handling. A Certificate of Authenticity is also included.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003ca id=\"faq-btn\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eFrequently Asked Questions\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":40803451830319,"sku":"BR-MD-GER-INF-7NOTES","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/PhotoRoom-20220415_160544_73b50676-f742-4db2-bb63-a70dbce25fc2.png?v=1743105227"},{"product_id":"ottoman-empire-mahmud-ii-1832-to-1838-ce-eastern-mediterranean","title":"Ottoman Empire, Mahmud II - 1832 to 1838 CE - Istanbul, Turkey","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e These coins of the \u003cstrong\u003eOttoman Empire\u003c\/strong\u003e were struck in modern day \u003cstrong\u003eIstanbul, Turkey\u003c\/strong\u003e during the early 19th century under the sultan \u003cstrong\u003eMahmud II\u003c\/strong\u003e. Though most of them have a copper like color, the coins were actually made from silver with a low purity level.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 1800's were a time of decline for the Ottomans and other \"gunpowder empires\" of the Middle East and India. Western Europe modernized more quickly during the Industrial Revolution, which gave them the upper hand technologically. The Ottoman Empire faced economic challenges as well, due to trade competition from India and the Americas. As a result, the empire was picked apart piece by piece until eventually falling in 1922 after an impressive 623 year run.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe obverse of these coins show Mahmud II's \u003cstrong\u003etughra\u003c\/strong\u003e, which is similar to an official seal or signature. The reverse shows the value (\u003cstrong\u003e20 para\u003c\/strong\u003e) as well as the date of production on the Islamic calendar.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach of these coins has been thoroughly inspected for authenticity by an \u003cstrong\u003eANA Certified\u003c\/strong\u003e numismatist.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Territorial_changes_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_1829_1024x1024.jpg?v=1651273479\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":40844533137455,"sku":"MD-OTTO-MAHMUD2","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553818640668,"sku":"MD-OTTO-MAHMUD2-NO","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/OttomaMahmudII.jpg?v=1743105222"},{"product_id":"philippines-emergency-issue-guerilla-pesos-1942-world-war-ii","title":"Philippines, Emergency Issue \"Guerilla Pesos\"  - 1942 - World War II","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTwo types of collections are available for these banknotes:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003eRegular\u003c\/span\u003e, which includes only a 10 pesos note\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003eDeluxe\u003c\/span\u003e, which includes a banknote from each of the following denominations: 25 centavos, 50 centavos, 1 peso, 2 pesos, 5 pesos, and 10 pesos\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e These banknotes were printed during World War II by the \u003cstrong\u003elegitimate government of the Philippines\u003c\/strong\u003e, which had been exiled to the United States after the island nation was invaded by the \u003cstrong\u003eJapanese\u003c\/strong\u003e.  These so called \"guerilla pesos\" were printed using makeshift presses and whatever materials were available, which often produced very poor quality banknotes. The Japanese puppet government took them seriously nonetheless, and instituted \u003cstrong\u003esevere punishments including execution\u003c\/strong\u003e for anyone caught with these notes. They date between 1942 and 1943.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the info card:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eOn December 7, 1941, the Japanese bombed the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor; the next day, they invaded the Philippines, a key American ally. Upon taking the country, the Japanese issued their own currency, declaring that existing money was no longer valid--one of the many harsh measures that turned the Filipinos against them. A guerilla campaign waged by Philippine freedom fighters--and supplied by the U.S. via submarine--wreaked havoc on the occupying forces.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eWith physical money in short supply, guerilla fighters in the field and local governments in free provinces printed emergency currency--peso notes of various denominations printed on a hodgepodge of makeshift presses with whatever paper and ink could be obtained.--on authority of President-in-exile Manuel Quezon, whose likeness appears on some of the notes.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eDuring the Japanese occupation, possession of guerilla money was forbidden on penalty of death; entire villages could be subject to harsh retribution if these notes were found in any quantity. 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Throughout the year, the value of the mark deteriorated faster and faster and new money in higher denominations was issued constantly. The Reichsbank could not cope with the logistics of providing the necessary supply of money. To compensate for the shortage, \u003cem\u003enotgeld\u003c\/em\u003e was issued by various municipalities.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOver 100,000 different designs were used over this time period, and many of them were highly detailed with vivid colors. Their beautiful depictions of both historical and contemporary events in witty, satirical, and even comical ways make them a unique entry in the history of paper money.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Regular - 5 notgelds (designs as shown, $6.00 per note)","offer_id":41007980904495,"sku":"BK-MD-NOTGELD-05","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Deluxe - 25 notgelds (random designs, $3.60 per note)","offer_id":41007980937263,"sku":"BK-MD-NOTGELD-25","price":89.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Black_42_3-01_2.jpg?v=1743105207"},{"product_id":"last-royal-houses-of-europe-collection-1910s-austria-russia-germany","title":"Last Royal Houses of Europe Notes - 1910's - Austria, Russia, Germany","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e Each of these banknotes were produced during the final ruling years of the royal houses of \u003cstrong\u003eHabsburg, Hohenzollern, \u003c\/strong\u003eand \u003cstrong\u003eRomanov\u003c\/strong\u003e, which all fell in 1918. For nearly a thousand years these royal houses dominated the continent, often ruling over many different countries at a time. However, none would withstand the abdications and revolutions spurred by \u003cstrong\u003eWorld War I.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA 20 kronen note from \u003cstrong\u003eAustro-Hungary\u003c\/strong\u003e represents the \u003cstrong\u003eHabsburgs\u003c\/strong\u003e, printed just one year before the assassination of the \u003cstrong\u003eArchduke Franz Ferdinand\u003c\/strong\u003e kicked off \u003cstrong\u003eWorld War I\u003c\/strong\u003e in 1914 (Ferdinand himself was an Austro-Hungarian Habsburg). The \u003cstrong\u003eHouse of Romanov\u003c\/strong\u003e is represented by a \u003cstrong\u003eRussian\u003c\/strong\u003e 5 ruble note printed during the reign of \u003cstrong\u003eTsar Nicholas II\u003c\/strong\u003e, who met a bloody end after being executed by the Bolsheviks. Two different styles of \u003cstrong\u003eGerman\u003c\/strong\u003e banknotes representing the \u003cstrong\u003eHouse of Hohenzollern\u003c\/strong\u003e are also included, a large imperial 10 marks from 1908 and a small notgeld from 1917 - 1918 showing \u003cstrong\u003eKaiser Wilhelm II \u003c\/strong\u003eand his Commanders in Chief Hindenburg and Ludendorff.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eThe House of Habsburg\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Habsburgs ruled over swaths of the continent for about a millennia, from the time of Count Otto II in 1108, through 300 years of the Holy Roman Empire, until Armistice Day, 1918. The Archduke Franz Ferdinand, a Habsburg, was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne when he was assassinated by Serbian nationalists in Sarajevo in 1914—an event that famously began the Great War. The Archduke's cousin Charles I took the throne in 1916, becoming the last monarch of the great House of Hapsburg. Charles did not formally abdicate, hoping to return to power, but his attempts to restore the monarchy were unsuccessful. He died in exile in Madeira in 1922.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eThe House of Hohenzollern\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Hohenzollerns served as princes, dukes, kings, and emperors of Prussia, Germany, and Romania for some 900 years. The Zollern line was founded in the eleventh century by Burkhard I, one of the dukes of Swabia in Southwest Germany, and remained in power until the abdication of Emperor Wilhelm II in 1918. Although intelligent and well-meaning, Wilhelm was also impatient, arrogant, and ill-tempered, and these character flaws contributed mightily to his demise. He was forced abdicate in 1918, living the rest of his 82 years in the neutral Netherlands—but never renouncing his now-meaningless title as King of Prussia.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eThe House of Romanov\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMikhail Romanov, just 16 years old and terrified at the prospect of rule, became tsar in 1613, the first of a line that included Peter the Great and Catherine the Great, solidifying the political situation in Russia for the next 300 years. The last tsar, the hapless Romanov Nicholas II, ruled during the Bloody Sunday Massacre, the humiliating defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, and most of all the Great War, in which over three million Russians perished. Nicholas was overthrown by the Bolsheviks in the 1917 February Resolution and summarily executed with the entire royal family a year later.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":41085047406639,"sku":"BK-MD-LASTROYAL","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Black_74__3_549d4711-3374-4145-88f1-f0a99409d8d4.png?v=1743105202"},{"product_id":"soviet-union-space-race-pin-1955-to-1975-ussr","title":"Soviet Space Race Pin - 1955 to 1975 - Soviet Union","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYou will receive a random Soviet pin from the Space Race era.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003eThese lapel pins (known as \u003cem\u003eznachki\u003c\/em\u003e in Russian) were issued in the Soviet Union to commemorate important milestones in the \u003cstrong\u003eSpace Race (1955 - 1975)\u003c\/strong\u003e, a period of intense competition in spaceflight between the USSR and the United States. Most of these pins pertain to a specific program or mission, though some celebrate Soviet spaceflight as a whole.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach purchase will include a \u003cb\u003erandom Soviet era pin commemorating a milestone of the Space Race\u003c\/b\u003e. Many different varieties exist, and we have more types than just the ones shown in the photos! If you buy multiple, we will do our best to ensure that you do not receive a duplicate.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThough Russian \u003cem\u003eznachki\u003c\/em\u003e pins have a long history dating back to the 1700's, they became a true cultural icon during the Soviet era. While they were sometimes used as simple propaganda, thousands of different designs were produced during the 20th century celebrating topics like sports, culture, factories, agriculture, and of course space. The intricate and colorful designs made them highly sought after collectors items in their day, with many Soviet hobbyists trying to collect complete sets.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":41214559453231,"sku":"MD-USSR-SPACEPIN","price":23.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the pin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553816936732,"sku":"MD-USSR-SPACEPIN-NO","price":8.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Spaceracepin.jpg?v=1743105193"},{"product_id":"great-depression-pay-warrants-1930s-south-carolina-usa","title":"Great Depression Pay Warrants - 1930's - South Carolina, USA","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e Issued by the city of \u003cstrong\u003eCharleston, South Carolina\u003c\/strong\u003e at the height of the \u003cstrong\u003eGreat Depression\u003c\/strong\u003e, these pay warrants could be exchanged for goods at local shops; merchants would turn them in at set times during the year for cash. These have been \"canceled,\" cut to make sure they would not be re-used. Each purchase includes a \u003cstrong\u003e$1, $5, and a $10 pay warrant\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom October 29, 1929 until the beginning of the Second World War, the industrialized world suffered through the longest and deepest economic downturn in its history. The Great Depression was a perfect storm of speculative busts, bank failures, widespread deflation, mass unemployment, and overall financial hardship that lasted for almost exactly a decade. The global gross domestic product fell by a staggering 15 percent. Half the banks in the United States failed. Unemployment soared to record levels.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMunicipalities were so strapped for cash that they issued \u003cstrong\u003epay warrants\u003c\/strong\u003e—quasi-currency that could be used in local markets and traded in at various times of the year for cash. 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Notably, the document is translated into three different languages: \u003cstrong\u003eFrench, Arabic, \u003c\/strong\u003eand \u003cstrong\u003eEnglish\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eScramble for Africa\u003c\/strong\u003e was the historical event responsible for these multilingual stock certificates, fitting into the broader wave of \u003cstrong\u003eNew Imperialism\u003c\/strong\u003e seen in the late 1800's. During this time, European claims in Africa jumped from covering around 10 percent of the African continent to a staggering 90 percent. 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Stock Certificate - 1880's - Meatpacking Industry","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e The \u003cstrong\u003eCincinnati Union Stock Yard \u003c\/strong\u003ewas a meatpacking company located in \u003cstrong\u003eCincinnati, Ohio.\u003c\/strong\u003e Dubbed \"Porkopolis,\" Cincinnati served as the meat processing center of the U.S. during the mid to late 1800's. The industry persisted as an important part of the local economy for over a hundred years and the Cincinnati Stockyards remained in operation until the 1980's.\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese particular stock certificates were \u003cstrong\u003eissued in the 1880's\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"Cincinnati stockyards, circa 1910\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/upscaler-_GetPaidStock.com_-634a12ecf4070-2x_1024x1024.jpg?v=1665800531\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Cincinnati stockyards, circa 1910\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe stock certificate comes with a rigid archival document holder for preservation and handling. A Certificate of Authenticity is also included.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNOTE: This certificate has no value as a financial asset, and will not be honored by any extant company today.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":41375573770287,"sku":"MD-STOCK-CUSYC","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/PXL_20221014_202326197.png?v=1743105180"},{"product_id":"international-telephone-telegraph-it-t-stock-certificate-1940s-technology","title":"International Telephone \u0026 Telegraph (ITT) Stock Certificate - 1940's - New York, NY","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eInternational Telephone and Telegraph\u003c\/strong\u003e, also known as \u003cstrong\u003eITT Inc\u003c\/strong\u003e, is a U.S. based company formed in 1920 after the founders acquired telephone companies in Puerto Rico and Cuba. Though ITT later purchased some telephone companies within the U.S, the majority of its early acquisitions were international—primarily in Europe and Latin America.\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eITT would grow into a multi-industry conglomerate in the later 20th century. Remarkably the company still exists today, over 100 years since its founding. Currently it is based in Samford, Connecticut and primarily produces components for use in aerospace and transportation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese specific stock certificates were issued in the 1940's when the company was based in New York City.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe stock certificate comes with a rigid archival document holder for preservation and handling. A Certificate of Authenticity is also included.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNOTE: This certificate has no value as a financial asset, and will not be honored by any extant company today.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":41375581110319,"sku":"MD-STOCK-ITTCO","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/PXL_20221014_202249250_491c0b2f-c3b3-4c3b-bdc7-5d5c8a57bce8.png?v=1743105177"},{"product_id":"the-aviation-corporation-stock-certificate-1940s-technology","title":"The Aviation Corporation Stock Certificate - 1940's - Aerospace","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e The\u003cstrong\u003e Aviation Corporation\u003c\/strong\u003e (or \u003cstrong\u003eAvco\u003c\/strong\u003e) was formed to take over an airmail route in 1929. Sherman Fairchild, one of the company's founders, was in the business of manufacturing airplanes and wanted to make sure the route operated using his aircraft instead of the competition's. Avco went on to acquire a variety of airlines and other companies in the aviation industry, and notably one portion of the business was spun off to form a company that would become \u003cstrong\u003eAmerican Airlines\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese particular stock certificates were printed on the heels of World War II in the 1940's, during which the Aviation Corporation ranked 32nd among U.S. corporations in terms of the total value of it's government manufacturing contracts.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eToday, Avco still exists as a subsidiary of the aviation conglomerate \u003cstrong\u003eTextron.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe stock certificate comes with a rigid archival document holder for preservation and handling. A Certificate of Authenticity is also included.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNOTE: This certificate has no value as a financial asset, and will not be honored by any extant company today.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":41375611125807,"sku":"MD-STOCK-AVCO","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/PXL_20221014_202156027_ac6e01c9-55c9-406e-b049-356afd8ef503.png?v=1743105176"},{"product_id":"world-war-ii-allied-military-currency-1940s-europe-japan","title":"World War II, Allied Military Currency - 1940's - Europe \u0026 Japan","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTwo types of collections are available for these banknotes:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003eRegular\u003c\/span\u003e, which includes Allied military currency circulated in Germany and Japan (2 notes)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003eDeluxe\u003c\/span\u003e, which includes Allied military currency circulated in Germany, Japan, Italy, France, and Austria (5 notes)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e During and immediately after the Second World War, the Allied powers led by China, France, Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States, working cooperatively, issued special military currency for Allied troops to use in liberated or newly occupied countries. Allied military currency, or AMC, was produced in Austrian schillings, French francs, German marks, Italian lire, and Japanese yen.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough the notes were issued jointly by the major Allied powers, the bulk of the production was done in the United States. Each issue was produced in secret, and given a code name: Operation Husky (Italy), Operation Tom Cat (France), Operation Wild Dog (Germany), Operation Ordain (Austria), and Operation Toy Horse (Japan). The first notes went into circulation in August 1943, in Italy, and would not be completely withdrawn from use until the end of the decade.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis folio contains Allied military currency that circulated in liberated and occupied countries during and immediately after the Second World War. It is not unusual to find writing on the notes.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Regular - 2 notes, $15 each (Germany and Japan)","offer_id":41404011348015,"sku":"BK-MD-WWII-AMC-GJ2","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Deluxe - 5 notes, $12 each (Germany, Japan, Italy, France, Austria)","offer_id":41404011380783,"sku":"BK-WWII-AMC-GJIFA5","price":59.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/PXL_20221028_202627320_1_2.png?v=1743105172"},{"product_id":"the-u-s-quarter-four-20th-century-designs-1892-to-1976-ce-united-states","title":"The U.S. Quarter, Four 20th Century Designs - 1892 to 1976 - United States","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis set of four coins shows the evolution of the U.S. quarter, with examples of each major design change over the 20th century. Included are a Barber quarter, Standing Liberty quarter, Washington quarter (made from 90% silver), and the 1976 issue of the copper-nickel Washington quarter commemorating the bicentennial of U.S. independence.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe set includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/1_b506afbe-73bf-4bca-8666-e98216f7b0a5_480x480.png?v=1695067023\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBarber quarter (1892 - 1916):\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEngraved by Charles E. Barber, these quarters showcased a liberty head on one side and a formidable eagle, with talons gripping both an olive branch and arrows, on the other. Struck from 1892 to 1916, they hold the distinction of being one of the most iconic American coins from the turn of the 20th century. Though the Barber Quarters had their fair share of admirers and critics alike, by 1916 they met the end of their production run. But the demand for quarters was ceaseless, and thus they were replaced by the evocative Standing Liberty Quarter.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/2_d1127043-1f66-462f-95d0-079f1fbdcac7_480x480.png?v=1695067028\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStanding Liberty quarter (1916 - 1930):\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDesigned by Hermon A. Macneil, the Standing Liberty quarter symbolized the pivotal moment of America's shift from a neutral stance to a proactive involvement in World War I. Lady Liberty, portrayed on the coin, was seen taking a step forward with a commitment to defending peace, while the eagle on the flip side was a potent emblem of freedom and strength. This coin, minted from 1916 to 1930, was brought to a halt by the Great Depression in 1931, making way for the renowned Washington Quarter in 1932.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/3_480x480.png?v=1695067033\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eWashington silver (1932 - 1964):\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Washington Quarter was initially meant as a tribute to the bicentennial of Washington's birth in 1732. Congress held a competition stating the quarter would display a portrait of George Washington on the obverse, with the reverse being “national in nature.” The winning design was thought to be by Laura Gardin Fraser, but while her design was popular, then-treasury Secretary Andrew W. Mellon ultimately chose a portrait by John Flanagan instead. However, in 2022, the U.S. mint would finally adopted Fraser's portrait as the official design of the U.S. quarter--91 years after she first submitted the design.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/4_480x480.png?v=1695067037\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eWashington copper-nickel (1965 - present):\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1965, President Johnson approved the Coinage Act, removing silver from circulating coins. From this point on, all quarters would be made of copper and nickel. By 1976, amidst the U.S. Bicentennial celebrations, another design debate ignited. The Colonial Drummer, surrounded by 13 stars, took center stage on the reverse of the Bicentennial quarter. Jack L. Ahr's design stirred controversy, with artist William A. Smith pointing out its uncanny resemblance to his 1973 commemorative stamp. Despite the dispute, Ahr's vision held its ground, marking a significant chapter in the ongoing tale of America's beloved 25-cent piece.\u003c\/p\u003e\n","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":46706514952476,"sku":"COL-AM-QUART","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553808679196,"sku":"COL-AM-QUART-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/PhotoRoom-20230918-124958.png?v=1743105065"},{"product_id":"national-tea-co-stock-certificate-1930s-grocery-store-chain","title":"National Tea Co. Stock Certificate - 1930s - Grocery Store Chain","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e The National Tea Company was a grocery chain founded in 1899 in Chicago by two Danish immigrants. Starting as a single store, the business eventually grew into about 160 stores by 1920. By the end of the decade, National Tea Co. had grown further to 600 locations throughout Chicago and an impressive 1,000 additional stores nationwide.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese stock certificates were issued during the Great Depression, which saw the closure of many of these stores. However, National Tea Co. remained a major grocery store chain in the US for much of the 20th century. In 1955, with annual sales of over $600 million, it was purchased by George Weston LTD, a Canadian Grocery company. The company subsequently lagged behind its competitors in the Chicago area, and by the end of the 1900s the chain declined and its presence in its home state of Illinois largely vanished in favor of its competitors.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese particular stock certificates were \u003cstrong\u003eissued in the 1930s\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/national-tea-co-775-santa-fe-approx-1910_1024x1024.webp?v=1695332496\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/national-tea-co-775-santa-fe-approx-1910_1024x1024.webp?v=1695332496\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eA National Tea Co. store on 8th Ave and Santa Fe Dr in Denver, Colorado, circa 1910\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe stock certificate comes with a rigid archival document holder for preservation and handling. A Certificate of Authenticity is also included.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNOTE: This certificate has no value as a financial asset, and will not be honored by any extant company today.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":46780638691612,"sku":"MD-STOCK-NATCO","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/PhotoRoom-20230921_135903_4.png?v=1743105063"},{"product_id":"new-york-central-railroad-stock-certificate-1920s-to-1930s-eastern-united-states","title":"New York Central Railroad Stock Certificate - 1920s to 1930s - Eastern United States","description":"\u003cp\u003eThe New York Central Railroad Company was founded in 1853, connecting the Mid-Atlantic and Great Lakes regions of the US with New York City. In 1867, Cornelius Vanderbilt won control of the company, later combining The New York Central with his own New York and Hudson River Railroad companies. Vanderbilt would continue successfully acquiring and expanding the New York Central Railroad Company across the East Coast and Midwest, eventually reaching over 10,000 miles of track.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe portrait on these certificates features the image of \u003cstrong\u003eCornelius Vanderbilt\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e The New York Central began to decline after World War II. The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) heavily regulated rates charged by the industry. The nascent automobile industry and airline travel became fierce competition. The oversaturated railroad industry struggled to share the remaining traffic, and many merged as a result. Eventually, the New York Central Railroad would merge with the Pennsylvania Railroad, forming Penn Central.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese particular stock certificates were \u003cstrong\u003eissued in the 1920s to 1930s\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Test_run_of_streamlined_20th_Century_Limited_1938_1024x1024.jpg?v=1695333383\" alt=\"\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Test_run_of_streamlined_20th_Century_Limited_1938_1024x1024.jpg?v=1695333383\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eA New York Central express passenger train, the \u003c\/em\u003e20th Century Limited\u003cem\u003e, departs LaSalle Street Station in Chicago, 1938\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe stock certificate comes with a rigid archival document holder for preservation and handling. A Certificate of Authenticity is also included.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNOTE: This certificate has no value as a financial asset, and will not be honored by any extant company today.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":46780696396060,"sku":"MD-STOCK-NYCENT","price":17.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/PhotoRoom-20230921_135904_15.png?v=1743105062"},{"product_id":"ny-central-hudson-river-railroad-stock-certificate-1912-issued-to-vanderbilt-family","title":"NY Central \u0026 Hudson River Railroad Stock Certificate - 1912 - Issued to Vanderbilt Family","description":"\u003cp\u003eThe Hudson River Railroad was an extension of the Troy and Greenbush Railroad. Chartered in 1845, this line connected Troy with Greenbush (now named Rensselaer). The addition of the Hudson River Railroad extended this route south to New York City. Cornelius Vanderbilt, nicknamed “The Commodore,\" acquired the Hudson River Railroad in 1864, which he merged with his later acquisition of the New York Central Rail.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese $50,000 par value stock certificates were issued to the family and descendants of \u003cstrong\u003eCornelius Vanderbilt,\u003c\/strong\u003e who died in 1877. Their names have been stamped onto each certificate.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe New York Central began to decline after World War II. The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) heavily regulated rates charged by the industry. The nascent automobile industry and airline travel became fierce competition. The oversaturated railroad industry struggled to share the remaining traffic, and many merged as a result. Eventually, the New York Central Railroad would merge with the Pennsylvania Railroad, forming Penn Central.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese particular stock certificates were \u003cstrong\u003eissued in 1912.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Test_run_of_streamlined_20th_Century_Limited_1938_1024x1024.jpg?v=1695333383\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Test_run_of_streamlined_20th_Century_Limited_1938_1024x1024.jpg?v=1695333383\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eA New York Central express passenger train, the \u003c\/em\u003e20th Century Limited\u003cem\u003e, departs LaSalle Street Station in Chicago, 1938\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe stock certificate comes with a rigid archival document holder for preservation and handling. A Certificate of Authenticity is also included.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNOTE: This certificate has no value as a financial asset, and will not be honored by any extant company today.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":46780786442524,"sku":"MD-STOCK-NYVAN","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/PhotoRoom-20230921_160800_5.png?v=1743105060"},{"product_id":"united-drug-inc-stock-certificate-1930s-pharmacy-chain","title":"United Drug, Inc. Stock Certificate - 1930s - Pharmacy Chain","description":"\u003cp\u003eUnited Drug Stores, initiated in 1903, was the brainchild of Louis K. Liggett. Liggett managed to convince 40 independent drug stores to pool their resources, investing a collective sum of $4,000, to form a retailers' cooperative under the name United Drug Stores. This cooperative would later sell products under the Rexall brand. Following World War I, a franchise model was established, allowing independently owned retail stores to adopt the Rexall trade name and offer Rexall products. The cooperative's headquarters and operations were based in Boston. While Rexall became a prominent name in the American drugstore industry, the focus of this information is primarily on the origins and contributions of United Drug Stores and its founder, Louis K. Liggett.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese particular stock certificates were \u003cstrong\u003eissued in the 1930s\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Rexallcard_1024x1024.jpg?v=1695337583\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eA Rexall drug store in Waterloo, Canada, circa 1915.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe stock certificate comes with a rigid archival document holder for preservation and handling. A Certificate of Authenticity is also included.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNOTE: This certificate has no value as a financial asset, and will not be honored by any extant company today.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":46780919316764,"sku":"MD-STOCK-UDRUG","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/PhotoRoom-20230921_135904_17.png?v=1743105059"},{"product_id":"studebaker-corporation-stock-certificate-1940s-auto-industry","title":"Studebaker Corporation Stock Certificate - 1940s - Auto Industry","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe South Bend, Indiana based Studebaker Corporation was originally founded in 1852 as a coachbuilder manufacturing wagons, buggies, and carriers. In 1902, Studebaker entered the automobile market with electric cars before transitioning to gasoline-powered vehicles in 1904 under the name Studebaker Automobile Company. The company saw a major increase in profits as they manufactured a variety of equipment and vehicles for the British during World War I including ambulances, transport wagons and artillery harnesses. Studebaker continued to make advancements in engineering throughout the 1920s and ‘30s, and during World War II assisted in the manufacturing of engine assembly for B–17s as well as personnel and cargo carriers.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eFollowing the war, Studebaker returned to automobile manufacturing, marketing with the slogan “First by far with a post-war car.” Despite thoughtful preparation and marketing strategies implemented for the postwar market, reviews to the newly launched lines of automobiles were mixed. A departure of management, and competition from increased production from Henry Ford II saw further challenges for Studebaker. Labor strikes and a dramatic drop in sales led to the closure of its South Bend, Indiana plant in late 1963. The closure of the plant was particularly difficult for the community, as Studebaker had been the largest employer in the county. Following more plant closures, and failed attempts at contracts with other automakers, Studebaker would finally close its automotive division in 1969.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese particular stock certificates were \u003cstrong\u003eissued in the 1940s to 1950s\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/1941_Studebaker_Champion_2-door_sedan__5472602150_1024x1024.jpg?v=1695336505\" alt=\"\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/1941_Studebaker_Champion_2-door_sedan__5472602150_1024x1024.jpg?v=1695336505\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eA 1941 Studebaker Champion 2-door sedan\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe stock certificate comes with a rigid archival document holder for preservation and handling. A Certificate of Authenticity is also included.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNOTE: This certificate has no value as a financial asset, and will not be honored by any extant company today.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":46780974629148,"sku":"MD-STOCK-STUDE","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/PhotoRoom-20230921_135904_19.png?v=1743105058"},{"product_id":"six-iron-curtain-communist-banknotes-1948-to-1988-cold-war","title":"Iron Curtain Collection, Six Communist Banknotes - 1948 to 1988 - Cold War","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis set contains six Soviet-era banknotes from “Iron Curtain” countries, a phrase coined by Winston Churchill to describe the separation of Europe between countries aligned with the West and those aligned with the Soviet Union.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe notes included are:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGerman Democratic Republic (\u003cstrong\u003eEast Germany\u003c\/strong\u003e), 20 Deutchemarks, 1948\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSocialist Federal Republic of \u003cstrong\u003eYugoslavia\u003c\/strong\u003e, 5000 dinara, 1985\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePolish People's Republic (\u003cstrong\u003ePoland\u003c\/strong\u003e), 100 zlotych, 1975 - 1988\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHungarian People's Republic (\u003cstrong\u003eHungary\u003c\/strong\u003e), 10 florint, 1957 - 1975\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePeople's Socialist Republic of \u003cstrong\u003eAlbania\u003c\/strong\u003e, 100 leke, 1949 - 1957\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePeople's Republic of \u003cstrong\u003eBulgaria\u003c\/strong\u003e, 100 leva, 1951\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFollowing the Second World War, the Soviet Union became the dominant power in Eastern Europe, overseeing communist regimes in countries like East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and others. It felt as though, in the words of Winston Churchill, an \"iron curtain\" had descended upon the region.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOver the subsequent 45 years leading to the Soviet Union's dissolution, various uprisings against authoritarian control occurred. These included the Tito-Stalin split in Yugoslavia (1948), uprisings in East Germany (1953), the Hungarian Revolution (1956), and the Prague Spring (1968). The emergence of the Solidarity movement in Poland in 1989 marked the beginning of the Iron Curtain's weakening. Later that year, the Berlin Wall fell, setting in motion the liberation of nations across Eastern Europe and Central Asia. The curtain finally closed on the Soviet era when the Union dissolved on Christmas Day, 1991, bringing an end to the Cold War.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":46909208658204,"sku":"BK-MD-IRON-CURT","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/PhotoRoom-20230929_101244_1-EDIT.jpg?v=1743105056"},{"product_id":"the-u-s-nickel-four-20th-century-designs-1883-to-1946-united-states","title":"The U.S. Nickel, Four 20th Century Designs - 1883 to 1945 - United States","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis set of four coins shows the evolution of the U.S. nickel, with examples of each major design change over the 20th century. Included are a Liberty Head nickel, a Buffalo nickel, a pre-WWII Jefferson nickel (made from copper-nickel), and a Jefferson silver war nickel.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe set includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/1_dbb6a6a5-b641-419f-b58b-549293cecec0_480x480.png?v=1696622353\" alt=\"\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/1_dbb6a6a5-b641-419f-b58b-549293cecec0_480x480.png?v=1696622353\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLiberty Head Nickel (1883 - 1913):\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSometimes referred to as the “V” nickel after the design on the reverse side, the Liberty Head nickel was designed by Chief Engraver of the United States Charles E. Barber and was struck from 1883 until 1912. Originally, mint officials had not deemed it necessary to add the word “cents” to the coin; however, inventive scammers realized the nickel was similar in diameter to the $5 gold piece, and if plated in gold, could be passed off for the higher amount. The design was updated in June of 1883 to include the word “cents.”\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/2_6215a2c3-02fc-43e3-814f-171bc295976f_480x480.png?v=1696622368\" alt=\"\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/2_6215a2c3-02fc-43e3-814f-171bc295976f_480x480.png?v=1696622368\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBuffalo Nickel (1913 - 1938):\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe law of 1890 prohibited the reminting of denominational coin designs more than once every 25 years, although Barber himself conceived of a new design for the nickel as early as 1909. The new design, struck in 1913, was created by sculptor James Earle Fraser, featuring a Native American portrait on the obverse and a buffalo on the reverse. In a 1947 interview, Fraser stated, “I felt I wanted to do something totally American—a coin that could not be mistaken for any other country's coin. It occurred to me that the buffalo, as part of our western background, was 100% American and that our North American Indian fitted into the picture perfectly.” However, due to design flaws, the dates were easily worn off the infamous buffalo nickel and the design was replaced in 1938 after its 25-year run without controversy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/3_ec3da2b3-c41b-4f87-901c-f81f4709bd18_480x480.png?v=1696622380\" alt=\"\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/3_ec3da2b3-c41b-4f87-901c-f81f4709bd18_480x480.png?v=1696622380\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eJefferson Copper-nickel (1938 - 1941, then 1946 - 2004):\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIn January 1938, a contest was held for a new design for the nickel. Contestants were given guidelines that a portrait of Thomas Jefferson be created for the obverse, and a rendition of his estate, Monticello, be used on the reverse. Felix Schlag was the announced winner, and the nickel went into production at all three mints in 1938. \u003cstrong\u003eThe nickel included in this set will be dated between 1938 and 1941.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/4_52196107-2fcd-42b3-9b30-12d05c08770d_480x480.png?v=1696622392\" alt=\"\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/4_52196107-2fcd-42b3-9b30-12d05c08770d_480x480.png?v=1696622392\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eJefferson Silver War Nickel (1942 - 1945):\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs the United States entered into World War II, nickel became a critical resource. In March of 1942, Congress authorized the content of the nickel be shifted to 50% silver and 50% copper, but also granted the Mint authority to alter the proportions as necessary. All “wartime nickels” were struck with a large mintmark above the Monticello, in an attempt to make them easier to sort out after the war. Some scholars suggest that the altered composition did not contribute significantly to the war effort, but did however symbolize the need for sacrifices on behalf of citizens for victory. The original design and composition of the Jefferson Nickel resumed in 1946.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":46976856490268,"sku":"COL-AM-NICKEL","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553808187676,"sku":"COL-AM-NICKEL-NO","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/usnickelcollectionbookcase_1aab6f81-a4c7-41e1-beb3-83661952cc30.png?v=1743105054"},{"product_id":"stars-and-stripes-newspaper-european-edition-1939-to-1945-world-war-ii","title":"Stars and Stripes Newspaper, European Edition - 1942 to 1945 - World War II","description":"\u003cp\u003e\"Stars and Stripes\" is an American military newspaper that has been published in various forms since during the Civil War, and has continued to the present day. Though the newspaper operates from inside the Department of Defense, the publication states that it is editorially separate from it in order to maintain First Amendment-style independence.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThough the first issue was produced during the Civil War by Union soldiers in 1861, the version of \"Stars and Stripes\" that we know today began during World War I. The paper was published in London for American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) stationed in Europe, a tradition that was continued and expanded when the Second World War struck.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring World War II, the \"Stars and Stripes\" newspaper significantly bolstered the morale and connectivity of American troops, serving as a vital link between the warfront and home by delivering news, sports scores, and serialized fiction. It also celebrated victories and heroic deeds on the front, with the goal of enhancing troop spirits.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe newspaper provided a comedic reprieve through cartoons like Bill Mauldin's \"Willie and Joe,\" while also serving as a vocal platform for soldiers to express their experiences and concerns, even enabling them to critique military policies through its editorial independence. \"Stars and Stripes\" expanded its reach across numerous war theaters, ensuring tailored information was accessible to U.S. forces globally and maintained its publication into the post-war era, documenting reconstruction and further international military activities.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe issues in this collection were those published in the European theatre of World War II, and will mainly contain stories related to this area. Each issue is at least 4 full pages long, and measures 11.5 x 17 inches. \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47023596863772,"sku":"MD-NEWS-STARS","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/PhotoRoom-20231012_161704_7.png?v=1743105052"},{"product_id":"leper-colony-coin-colombia-5-centavos-1921-south-america","title":"Leper Colony Coin, Colombia, 5 Centavos - 1921 - South America","description":"\u003cp\u003eIn the 1920s, special coins were minted specifically for use in three leper colonies run by the Colombian government, which were known as \"lazarettos.\" Due to widespread misconceptions about leprosy, many believed it could be transmitted through money, and these coins were a way of protecting the general population from infection. In truth, leprosy requires prolonged exposure to an infected individual to contract.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBeyond health concerns though, there were strategic reasons for this distinct currency. For one, it curtailed inmates' ability to buy contraband like rum from the black market. Furthermore, by using currency that had no value outside these colonies, the government further isolated patients and made escape less appealing.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThough these lazarettos purportedly provided medical care, the treatment was harsh. Inhabitants were no longer seen as Colombian citizens but merely as residents of these colonies. By the 1950s, these leprosariums closed, and patients could exchange their unique coins for regular Colombian currency at banks.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese five centavo coins are composed of copper-nickel, and circulated within the lazarettos. \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003eTo be clear, there is \u003cstrong\u003eno risk\u003c\/strong\u003e of disease from touching them today!\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll items include a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":47079314850076,"sku":"MD-CO-LEPER","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553807892764,"sku":"MD-CO-LEPER-NO","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Lepercolonyinboxblackbg.jpg?v=1743105050"},{"product_id":"united-states-world-war-ii-collection-1942-to-1945-united-states","title":"United States World War II Collection - 1942 to 1945 - United States","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection includes all major changes to U.S. coinage that were instituted to save metal during World War II: the steel penny and the wartime silver nickel. It also includes a red and a blue ration token.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eRation Tokens (blue and red):\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese vulcanized fiber tokens were issued by the\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOffice of Price Administration (OPA)\u003c\/strong\u003e, a United States government agency created during World War II in order to oversee the rationing of scarce goods and keep prices stable to curb inflation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRation tokens\u003c\/strong\u003e (and their companions,\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eration stamps\u003c\/strong\u003e) had no cash value, but were required to purchase certain goods. For everyday items like sugar or beef, a customer would need the right amount of ration stamps in addition to cash in order to make their purchase\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e—the same was true for non-food goods like tires or gasoline. Each household was issued their own book of ration stamps to use, and these tokens were handed out as \"small change\" to split the value of a single stamp.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003eWhile all these tokens shared a similar design, they were issued two colors: red and blue. The different colors were valid for different products, but their functions were essentially the same.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003eSteel Penny:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \"steel war penny\" was the only one cent coin ever mass produced by the U.S. Mint that was made almost entirely from steel, save for a thin layer of zinc. Congress only authorized their production for one year, but over one billion steel cents were produced. It is estimated that the copper saved was enough to meet the needs of two cruisers, two destroyers, 1,243 Flying Fortresses, 120 field guns, and 120 howitzers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003eSilver Wartime Nickel:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs the United States entered into World War II, nickel became a critical resource. In March of 1942, Congress authorized the content of the nickel be shifted to 50% silver and 50% copper, but also granted the Mint authority to alter the proportions as necessary. All “wartime nickels” were struck with a large mintmark above the Monticello, in an attempt to make them easier to sort out after the war. Some scholars suggest that the altered composition did not contribute significantly to the war effort, but did however symbolize the need for sacrifices on behalf of citizens for victory. The original design and composition of the Jefferson Nickel resumed in 1946.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll items include a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":47264301187356,"sku":"COL-AM-US-WWII","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553807335708,"sku":"COL-AM-US-WWII-NO","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/WWIIUnitedStates.png?v=1743105038"},{"product_id":"battle-of-stalingrad-two-wwii-banknotes-1938-to-1945-world-war-ii","title":"WWII: German \u0026 Soviet Banknote Set - 1938 to 1945 - World War II","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese two banknotes were printed during World War II, and we have offered them as a set to commemorate the Battle of Stalingrad between Germany and the Soviet Union.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eIn the Battle of Stalingrad (August 1942 to February 1943), German forces fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad in Southern Russia. Marked by fierce close-quarters combat and direct assaults on civilians in air raids, Stalingrad stands as one of the bloodiest battles in the history of warfare, with an estimated 2 million total casualties. After their defeat at Stalingrad, the German High Command had to withdraw considerable military forces from other theaters of war to replace their losses.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe notes included are:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSoviet Union (USSR), 1 rouble, 1938. The design features the image of a miner, representative of the glorified working class.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGermany, Third Reich, 20 Reichsmarks, 1940 to 1945. The design features an engraving known as \"The Architect\" by Renaissance artist \u003cspan\u003eAlbrecht Dürer on the obverse, while\u003c\/span\u003e the reverse shows the famous Brandenburg Gate.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47413317370140,"sku":"BK-MD-STALINGRAD","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/PhotoRoom-20231214-211419_5.png?v=1743105025"},{"product_id":"world-war-i-pow-camp-money-10-heller-note-1916-to-1918-aschach-austria","title":"World War I POW Camp Money, 20 Heller Note - 1916 to 1918 - Aschach, Austria","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese paper notes date back to World War I, and were printed exclusively for use in the Aschach prisoner of war camp in \u003cstrong\u003eAustria-Hungary\u003c\/strong\u003e. Each side has the same design, which shows the denomination of the note printed in large Gothic lettering (\"Zwanzig Heller,\" or 20 Heller). The word \u003cstrong\u003e\"\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLagergeld\"\u003c\/strong\u003e is printed below, which translates to \"camp money.\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ePrisoner of war camps and other internment camps issued their own forms of money in order to prevent escapes. By creating a currency that could only be used in the camp, the guards would have no incentive to take bribes from the prisoners. Additionally, if a prisoner did manage to escape, all of their money would be useless in the outside world.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: start;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Aschach_an_der_Donau_1024x1024.jpg?v=1706211841\" alt=\"A funeral for 14 Serbian prisoners of war who reportedly died of starvation at the Aschach camp\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eA funeral for 14 Serbian prisoners of war who reportedly died of starvation at the Aschach camp.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAustria-Hungary operated about fifty POW camps during World War I to house an estimated 2 million captured individuals. The majority of the prisoners were Russian, Italian, Serbian, and Romanian, with those from other Allied nations like the US, UK, and France accounting for smaller minorities.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe conditions in these camps were harsh. Soldiers and captured civilians alike faced food shortages, lack of shelter, and poor medical care. Notably, the international laws on the treatment of captured civilians had not yet been defined by the First World War, and the actions taken against civilians in these camps would later be defined as war crimes.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eToday most of these camps are no longer standing, and these notes serve as some of the only physical reminders with which to honor this tragic part of the Great War.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47666561646876,"sku":"BK-MD-WWI-POW-AU20H","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/PhotoRoom-20240206-145451.png?v=1743105016"},{"product_id":"german-east-africa-wwi-colonial-coinage-c-1904-to-1916-ce-scramble-for-africa","title":"German East Africa, WWI Colonial Coinage - 1904 to 1916 - Scramble for Africa","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese coins come from German East Africa, a colonial state that was mostly located in modern day Tanzania. Established in the late 19th century, the colony was a product of the \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eScramble for Africa\u003c\/strong\u003e, a period lasting roughly from 1885 to 1914 that saw the invasion and division of Africa by European powers. Dubious treaties were supposedly formed with locals, which were considered valid by Kaiser Wilhelm II who then established a German protectorate of the region.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe larger 20 heller coins were resourcefully made from \u003cstrong\u003espent artillery shell casings\u003c\/strong\u003e during World War I, as a British occupation of the territory had exacerbated a coin shortage. An auxiliary coin mint was established in the city of Tabora, Tanzania, using parts from a dismantled German cruiser ship, and the coins minted here are known as \u003cstrong\u003eTabora Emergency Coinage\u003c\/strong\u003e. In contrast, the smaller 1 heller coins were struck in Berlin or Hamburg in the years leading up to the war. Both types show the German imperial crown as well as \"Deutsch Ostafrka\" or \"DOA,\" the German name of the territory.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Germaneastafricaimage_1024x1024.png?v=1706910683\" alt=\"\" style=\"float: none;\" data-mce-style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAn askari company in German East Africa during World War I. Top left: a map showing the borders of German East Africa (Sources: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3056,_Deutsch-Ostafrika,_Askarikompanie.jpg\"\u003eImage\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:German_East_Africa_1914.svg\"\u003emap\u003c\/a\u003e)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGerman East Africa also had a substantial role in World War I, due to the heavy European presence in the African continent at the time. Local soldiers known as \u003cem\u003easkari\u003c\/em\u003e served in the German army, with many battles being fought in the region. Notably, German East Africa saw the last fighting of World War I, as the territory was isolated enough from Germany that news of the November 11th, 1918 armistice did not reach them until a few days later, with German East Africa's official surrender taking place on November 25th.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":47719215399196,"sku":"COL-MD-GRM-E-AFR","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553805304092,"sku":"COL-MD-GRM-E-AFR-NO","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/GermanEastAfricabookshelfbg.png?v=1743105013"},{"product_id":"vichy-france-1-franc-wwii-german-controlled-france-1940-to-1944-world-war-ii","title":"Vichy France, 1 Franc, WWII German Occupation - 1940 to 1944 - World War II","description":"\u003cp\u003eVichy France (July 1940–September 1944) refers to the French government that collaborated with Nazi Germany, lead by the Head of State Phillippe Pétain. Some historians considered it to be a German puppet state, while others argue it had some autonomy despite over half its territory being occupied by the German military.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Vichy Regime imposed a counter-revolutionary ideology, emphasizing a return to “traditionalist morality.” This ideology embraced authoritarianism, Roman Catholicism, intense Anglophobia, and imposing strict, traditionalist roles for women. Vichy propaganda intermingled anti-English sentiment with racism, sexism, and antisemitism, accusing the British of working with \"Jewish capitalists\" and of being racially impure compared to the peoples of Europe—namely, the French and Germans who were to build the New Order.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eVichy ended in 1944, after the Allies liberated France. Many Vichy leaders faced post-war trials for their work with the Nazis, although a significant amount of officials did not face criminal charges until the 1990s. Pétain was charged with treason in 1945 and sentenced to death by firing squad, but his sentence was commuted to life in prison due to his advanced age. It was not until 1995 that Vichy France’s role was officially recognized in World War II, when the regime was declared an illegal government formed “by traitors under foreign influence.”\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese coins had a face value of one Franc, and were minted out of aluminum-magnesium due to the wartime scarcity of copper and nickel. The obverse side shows a double headed axe, a common symbol of Vichy France, and the reverse shows the denomination flanked by oak leaves.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":47999889342748,"sku":"MD-WW2-FR-VICHY","price":20.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553801404700,"sku":"MD-WW2-FR-VICHY-NO","price":5.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Vichyfranceinbox.png?v=1743104996"},{"product_id":"wwii-aircraft-instrument-master-compass-indicator-bendix-an5752-2-1940s-world-war-ii","title":"WWII Aircraft Instrument, Master Compass Indicator (Bendix AN5752–2) - 1940s - World War II","description":"\u003cp\u003ePlease note that due to the large size of these instruments (about 8 x 6 x 6 inches and 7 pounds in weight), \u003cstrong\u003ereturns are not accepted\u003c\/strong\u003e except in the case of damage during shipping.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eInstrument Type:\u003c\/b\u003e Master compass indicator, a part of Bendix's Gyro Flux Gate Compass System that provided navigational ability based on Earth's magnetic field while minimizing interference from the aircraft's engines and onboard guns.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eManufacturer:\u003c\/b\u003e Bendix\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePart Number:\u003c\/strong\u003e AN5752-2\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePossible Aircraft:\u003c\/strong\u003e Bombers such as the \u003cstrong\u003eB-17 Flying Fortress\u003c\/strong\u003e, the \u003cstrong\u003eConsolidated B-24 Liberator\u003c\/strong\u003e, and the \u003cstrong\u003eB-29 Superfortress\u003c\/strong\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWarning:\u003c\/strong\u003e Like most World War II aircraft instruments, this item contains \u003cstrong\u003eradium paint\u003c\/strong\u003e. This was applied so that the pilot could see the instrument readings even in complete darkness, as the radium would glow slightly. However, radioactive antiques are typically not considered a health risk unless they are damaged or disassembled. For more information, please refer to \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/radtown\/radioactivity-antiques\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/radtown\/radioactivity-antiques\"\u003ethis article by the Environmental Protection Agency\u003c\/a\u003e that covers radioactive antiques.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnfortunately we cannot ship this item internationally.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Boeing_Model_299_cockpit_b299-6.jpg?v=1714598198\" alt=\"\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Boeing_Model_299_cockpit_b299-6.jpg?v=1714598198\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe cockpit of a B-17 Flying Fortress, showing an array of aircraft instruments.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring World War II, aviation became crucial in warfare, evident from the Battle of Britain to significant battles in the Pacific and the deployment of nuclear bombs. Major powers like Germany, Japan, Britain, the US, and the USSR built vast air forces, engaging in extensive aerial and ground battles. Bombing emerged as a key strategy, and the aircraft carrier proved vital.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdvancements in aviation technology were propelled by military needs. The efficient cantilever monoplane dominated, although some older biplanes were used. Aircraft performance soared with the introduction of jet and rocket engines at the end of the war, and avionics evolved with innovations like power-assisted controls, sophisticated navigation aids, and radar.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith such high demand for airplanes, there was also a massive need for aircraft instruments, which are devices used within an airplane's cockpit to provide pilots with information necessary for flight.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMany WWII-era instruments were used with multiple airframes, as versatility was important during wartime. Some values would be painted directly on the outside of the glass, so that the instrument was not confined to the values of a certain type of airplane. Because of this, identifying exactly what aircraft an instrument was used in can prove challenging or impossible, but military records do state what types of aircraft each instrument would have been compatible with.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe specific batch of aircraft instruments purchased by History Hoard were auctioned off by the U.S. government in the years following World War II. Before we acquired them, they were being stored at a military base near Pueblo, Colorado.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"_04xlpA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos above.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48613087936796,"sku":"MD-WWII-MCOMP-AN5752-2","price":89.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/20240503125346_IMG_9738.png?v=1743104977"},{"product_id":"wwii-aircraft-instrument-autopilot-type-a3-a-vertical-gyro-1940s-world-war-ii","title":"WWII Aircraft Instrument, Autopilot Type A3–A Vertical Gyro - 1940s - World War II","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNote: This item is quite large and heavy. \u003c\/strong\u003eDue to the size of these instruments (about 12 x 7 x 7 inches and 18 pounds in weight), \u003cstrong\u003ereturns are not accepted\u003c\/strong\u003e except in the case of damage during shipping.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eInstrument Type:\u003c\/b\u003e Vertical gyro module of the A3-A Automatic Pilot. The pilot would make adjustments on this instrument to automatically maintain level flight in the aircraft.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eManufacturer:\u003c\/b\u003e Sperry or Jack \u0026amp; Heintz\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePart Number:\u003c\/strong\u003e Type A3-A\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePossible Aircraft:\u003c\/strong\u003e Bombers such as the \u003cstrong\u003eB-24 Liberator\u003c\/strong\u003e, the \u003cstrong\u003eB-25 Mitchell\u003c\/strong\u003e. Fighter such as the \u003cstrong\u003eP-61 Black Widow\u003c\/strong\u003e. Transports such as the \u003cstrong\u003eC-46 Commando\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eC-47 Dakota\u003c\/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003eC-54 Skymaster\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWarning:\u003c\/strong\u003e Like most World War II aircraft instruments, this item contains \u003cstrong\u003eradium paint\u003c\/strong\u003e. This was applied so that the pilot could see the instrument readings even in complete darkness, as the radium would glow slightly. However, radioactive antiques are typically not considered a health risk unless they are damaged or disassembled. For more information, please refer to \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/radtown\/radioactivity-antiques\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/radtown\/radioactivity-antiques\"\u003ethis article by the Environmental Protection Agency\u003c\/a\u003e that covers radioactive antiques.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnfortunately we cannot ship this item internationally.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Boeing_Model_299_cockpit_b299-6.jpg?v=1714598198\" alt=\"\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Boeing_Model_299_cockpit_b299-6.jpg?v=1714598198\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe cockpit of a B-17 Flying Fortress, showing an array of aircraft instruments.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring World War II, aviation became crucial in warfare, evident from the Battle of Britain to significant battles in the Pacific and the deployment of nuclear bombs. Major powers like Germany, Japan, Britain, the US, and the USSR built vast air forces, engaging in extensive aerial and ground battles. Bombing emerged as a key strategy, and the aircraft carrier proved vital.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdvancements in aviation technology were propelled by military needs. The efficient cantilever monoplane dominated, although some older biplanes were used. Aircraft performance soared with the introduction of jet and rocket engines at the end of the war, and avionics evolved with innovations like power-assisted controls, sophisticated navigation aids, and radar.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith such high demand for airplanes, there was also a massive need for aircraft instruments, which are devices used within an airplane's cockpit to provide pilots with information necessary for flight.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMany WWII-era instruments were used with multiple airframes, as versatility was important during wartime. Some values would be painted directly on the outside of the glass, so that the instrument was not confined to the values of a certain type of airplane. Because of this, identifying exactly what aircraft an instrument was used in can prove challenging or impossible, but military records do state what types of aircraft each instrument would have been compatible with.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe specific batch of aircraft instruments purchased by History Hoard were auctioned off by the U.S. government in the years following World War II. Before we acquired them, they were being stored at a military base near Pueblo, Colorado.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"_04xlpA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos above.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48613159534876,"sku":"MD-WWII-AUTOP-A3A-VERT-GYR","price":99.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/20240503124248_IMG_9734.png?v=1743104976"},{"product_id":"wwii-aircraft-instrument-autopilot-type-a3-a-directional-gyro-1940s-world-war-ii","title":"WWII Aircraft Instrument, Autopilot Type A3–A Directional Gyro - 1940s - World War II","description":"\u003cp\u003ePlease note that due to the large size of these instruments (about 12 x 7 x 5 inches and 7 pounds in weight), \u003cstrong\u003ereturns are not accepted\u003c\/strong\u003e except in the case of damage during shipping.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eInstrument Type:\u003c\/b\u003e Directional gyro module of the A3-A Automatic Pilot. The pilot would make adjustments on this instrument to automatically maintain the direction of flight.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eManufacturer:\u003c\/b\u003e Sperry or Jack \u0026amp; Heintz\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePart Number:\u003c\/strong\u003e Type A3-A (Army) or Mark 3A (Navy)\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePossible Aircraft:\u003c\/strong\u003e Bombers such as the \u003cstrong\u003eB-24 Liberator\u003c\/strong\u003e, the \u003cstrong\u003eB-25 Mitchell\u003c\/strong\u003e. Fighter such as the \u003cstrong\u003eP-61 Black Widow\u003c\/strong\u003e. Transports such as the \u003cstrong\u003eC-46 Commando\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eC-47 Dakota\u003c\/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003eC-54 Skymaster\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWarning:\u003c\/strong\u003e Like most World War II aircraft instruments, this item contains \u003cstrong\u003eradium paint\u003c\/strong\u003e. This was applied so that the pilot could see the instrument readings even in complete darkness, as the radium would glow slightly. However, radioactive antiques are typically not considered a health risk unless they are damaged or disassembled. For more information, please refer to \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/radtown\/radioactivity-antiques\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/radtown\/radioactivity-antiques\"\u003ethis article by the Environmental Protection Agency\u003c\/a\u003e that covers radioactive antiques.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnfortunately we cannot ship this item internationally.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Boeing_Model_299_cockpit_b299-6.jpg?v=1714598198\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Boeing_Model_299_cockpit_b299-6.jpg?v=1714598198\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe cockpit of a B-17 Flying Fortress, showing an array of aircraft instruments.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring World War II, aviation became crucial in warfare, evident from the Battle of Britain to significant battles in the Pacific and the deployment of nuclear bombs. Major powers like Germany, Japan, Britain, the US, and the USSR built vast air forces, engaging in extensive aerial and ground battles. Bombing emerged as a key strategy, and the aircraft carrier proved vital.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdvancements in aviation technology were propelled by military needs. The efficient cantilever monoplane dominated, although some older biplanes were used. Aircraft performance soared with the introduction of jet and rocket engines at the end of the war, and avionics evolved with innovations like power-assisted controls, sophisticated navigation aids, and radar.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith such high demand for airplanes, there was also a massive need for aircraft instruments, which are devices used within an airplane's cockpit to provide pilots with information necessary for flight.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMany WWII-era instruments were used with multiple airframes, as versatility was important during wartime. Some values would be painted directly on the outside of the glass, so that the instrument was not confined to the values of a certain type of airplane. Because of this, identifying exactly what aircraft an instrument was used in can prove challenging or impossible, but military records do state what types of aircraft each instrument would have been compatible with.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe specific batch of aircraft instruments purchased by History Hoard were auctioned off by the U.S. government in the years following World War II. Before we acquired them, they were being stored at a military base near Pueblo, Colorado.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"_04xlpA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos above.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48613277303068,"sku":"MD-WWII-AUTOP-A3A-DIR-GYR","price":69.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/20240503122444_IMG_9708.png?v=1743104975"},{"product_id":"wwii-aircraft-instrument-mark-iv-autopilot-directional-gyro-1940s-world-war-ii","title":"WWII Aircraft Instrument, Mark IV Autopilot Directional Gyro - 1940s - World War II","description":"\u003cp\u003ePlease note that due to the large size of these instruments (about 12 x 7 x 5 inches and 7 pounds in weight), \u003cstrong\u003ereturns are not accepted\u003c\/strong\u003e except in the case of damage during shipping.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eInstrument Type:\u003c\/b\u003e Directional gyro module of the Mark IV Automatic Pilot. The pilot would make adjustments on this instrument to automatically maintain the direction of flight.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eManufacturer:\u003c\/b\u003e Sperry Gyroscope Co.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePart Number:\u003c\/strong\u003e Type A-4 (Army) or Mark IV (Navy)\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePossible Aircraft:\u003c\/strong\u003e Bombers such as the \u003cstrong\u003eB-24 Liberator\u003c\/strong\u003e, the \u003cstrong\u003eB-25 Mitchell\u003c\/strong\u003e. Fighter such as the \u003cstrong\u003eP-61 Black Widow\u003c\/strong\u003e. Transports such as the \u003cstrong\u003eC-46 Commando\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eC-47 Dakota\u003c\/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003eC-54 Skymaster\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWarning:\u003c\/strong\u003e Like most World War II aircraft instruments, this item contains \u003cstrong\u003eradium paint\u003c\/strong\u003e. This was applied so that the pilot could see the instrument readings even in complete darkness, as the radium would glow slightly. However, radioactive antiques are typically not considered a health risk unless they are damaged or disassembled. For more information, please refer to \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/radtown\/radioactivity-antiques\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/radtown\/radioactivity-antiques\"\u003ethis article by the Environmental Protection Agency\u003c\/a\u003e that covers radioactive antiques.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnfortunately we cannot ship this item internationally.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Boeing_Model_299_cockpit_b299-6.jpg?v=1714598198\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Boeing_Model_299_cockpit_b299-6.jpg?v=1714598198\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe cockpit of a B-17 Flying Fortress, showing an array of aircraft instruments.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring World War II, aviation became crucial in warfare, evident from the Battle of Britain to significant battles in the Pacific and the deployment of nuclear bombs. Major powers like Germany, Japan, Britain, the US, and the USSR built vast air forces, engaging in extensive aerial and ground battles. Bombing emerged as a key strategy, and the aircraft carrier proved vital.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdvancements in aviation technology were propelled by military needs. The efficient cantilever monoplane dominated, although some older biplanes were used. Aircraft performance soared with the introduction of jet and rocket engines at the end of the war, and avionics evolved with innovations like power-assisted controls, sophisticated navigation aids, and radar.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith such high demand for airplanes, there was also a massive need for aircraft instruments, which are devices used within an airplane's cockpit to provide pilots with information necessary for flight.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMany WWII-era instruments were used with multiple airframes, as versatility was important during wartime. Some values would be painted directly on the outside of the glass, so that the instrument was not confined to the values of a certain type of airplane. Because of this, identifying exactly what aircraft an instrument was used in can prove challenging or impossible, but military records do state what types of aircraft each instrument would have been compatible with.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe specific batch of aircraft instruments purchased by History Hoard were auctioned off by the U.S. government in the years following World War II. Before we acquired them, they were being stored at a military base near Pueblo, Colorado.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"_04xlpA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos above.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48613320032540,"sku":"MD-WWII-AUTOP-MK4-DIR-GYR","price":69.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/20240503123913_IMG_9729.png?v=1743104973"},{"product_id":"wwii-aircraft-instrument-rate-of-climb-indicator-type-c-2-1940s-world-war-ii","title":"WWII Aircraft Instrument, Rate of Climb Indicator, Type C–2 - 1940s - World War II","description":"\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eInstrument Type:\u003c\/b\u003e Rate of climb indicator, which showed the rate of descent or climb of the airplane.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eManufacturer:\u003c\/b\u003e Bendix\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePart Number:\u003c\/strong\u003e Type C-2 (AN5825-1 or AN5825-2)\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePossible Aircraft:\u003c\/strong\u003e Heavy bombers \u003cstrong\u003eB-17\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eB-24\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eB-29.\u003c\/strong\u003e Medium bombers \u003cstrong\u003eB-25\u003c\/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eB-26.\u003c\/strong\u003e Light bomber \u003cstrong\u003eA-20.\u003c\/strong\u003e Fighters \u003cstrong\u003eP-38\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eP-39\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eP-40\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eP-47\u003c\/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003eP-51\u003c\/strong\u003e.  \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSize:\u003c\/strong\u003e Approximately 3.5 x 3.5 x 4 inches and 1.5 pounds\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWarning:\u003c\/strong\u003e Like most World War II aircraft instruments, this item contains \u003cstrong\u003eradium paint\u003c\/strong\u003e. This was applied so that the pilot could see the instrument readings even in complete darkness, as the radium would glow slightly. However, radioactive antiques are typically not considered a health risk unless they are damaged or disassembled. For more information, please refer to \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/radtown\/radioactivity-antiques\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/radtown\/radioactivity-antiques\"\u003ethis article by the Environmental Protection Agency\u003c\/a\u003e that covers radioactive antiques.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnfortunately we cannot ship this item internationally.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Boeing_Model_299_cockpit_b299-6.jpg?v=1714598198\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Boeing_Model_299_cockpit_b299-6.jpg?v=1714598198\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe cockpit of a B-17 Flying Fortress, showing an array of aircraft instruments.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring World War II, aviation became crucial in warfare, evident from the Battle of Britain to significant battles in the Pacific and the deployment of nuclear bombs. Major powers like Germany, Japan, Britain, the US, and the USSR built vast air forces, engaging in extensive aerial and ground battles. Bombing emerged as a key strategy, and the aircraft carrier proved vital.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdvancements in aviation technology were propelled by military needs. The efficient cantilever monoplane dominated, although some older biplanes were used. Aircraft performance soared with the introduction of jet and rocket engines at the end of the war, and avionics evolved with innovations like power-assisted controls, sophisticated navigation aids, and radar.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith such high demand for airplanes, there was also a massive need for aircraft instruments, which are devices used within an airplane's cockpit to provide pilots with information necessary for flight.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMany WWII-era instruments were used with multiple airframes, as versatility was important during wartime. Some values would be painted directly on the outside of the glass, so that the instrument was not confined to the values of a certain type of airplane. Because of this, identifying exactly what aircraft an instrument was used in can prove challenging or impossible, but military records do state what types of aircraft each instrument would have been compatible with.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe specific batch of aircraft instruments purchased by History Hoard were auctioned off by the U.S. government in the years following World War II. Before we acquired them, they were being stored at a military base near Pueblo, Colorado.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"_04xlpA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos above.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48613409784092,"sku":"MD-WWII-ROC-TYPEC","price":59.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/20240503130524_IMG_9748.png?v=1743104972"},{"product_id":"wwii-aircraft-instrument-turn-and-bank-indicator-type-a-5-1940s-world-war-ii","title":"WWII Aircraft Instrument, Turn and Bank Indicator, Pioneer 88–I–3280 - 1940s - World War II","description":"\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eInstrument Type:\u003c\/b\u003e Turn and bank indicator, which helped the pilot keep the aircraft coordinated in a turn\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eManufacturer:\u003c\/b\u003e Pioneer\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePart Number:\u003c\/strong\u003e 88-I-3280\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePossible Aircraft:\u003c\/strong\u003e Virtually any World War II aircraft - Heavy bombers \u003cstrong\u003eB-17\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eB-24\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eB-29.\u003c\/strong\u003e Medium bombers \u003cstrong\u003eB-25\u003c\/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eB-26.\u003c\/strong\u003e Light bomber \u003cstrong\u003eA-20.\u003c\/strong\u003e Fighters \u003cstrong\u003eP-38\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eP-39\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eP-40\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eP-47\u003c\/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003eP-51\u003c\/strong\u003e.  \u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eSize:\u003c\/strong\u003e Approximately 3.5 x 3.5 x 4 inches and 1.5 pounds\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWarning:\u003c\/strong\u003e Like most World War II aircraft instruments, this item contains \u003cstrong\u003eradium paint\u003c\/strong\u003e. This was applied so that the pilot could see the instrument readings even in complete darkness, as the radium would glow slightly. However, radioactive antiques are typically not considered a health risk unless they are damaged or disassembled. For more information, please refer to \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/radtown\/radioactivity-antiques\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/radtown\/radioactivity-antiques\"\u003ethis article by the Environmental Protection Agency\u003c\/a\u003e that covers radioactive antiques.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnfortunately we cannot ship this item internationally.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Boeing_Model_299_cockpit_b299-6.jpg?v=1714598198\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Boeing_Model_299_cockpit_b299-6.jpg?v=1714598198\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe cockpit of a B-17 Flying Fortress, showing an array of aircraft instruments.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring World War II, aviation became crucial in warfare, evident from the Battle of Britain to significant battles in the Pacific and the deployment of nuclear bombs. Major powers like Germany, Japan, Britain, the US, and the USSR built vast air forces, engaging in extensive aerial and ground battles. Bombing emerged as a key strategy, and the aircraft carrier proved vital.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdvancements in aviation technology were propelled by military needs. The efficient cantilever monoplane dominated, although some older biplanes were used. Aircraft performance soared with the introduction of jet and rocket engines at the end of the war, and avionics evolved with innovations like power-assisted controls, sophisticated navigation aids, and radar.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith such high demand for airplanes, there was also a massive need for aircraft instruments, which are devices used within an airplane's cockpit to provide pilots with information necessary for flight.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMany WWII-era instruments were used with multiple airframes, as versatility was important during wartime. Some values would be painted directly on the outside of the glass, so that the instrument was not confined to the values of a certain type of airplane. Because of this, identifying exactly what aircraft an instrument was used in can prove challenging or impossible, but military records do state what types of aircraft each instrument would have been compatible with.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe specific batch of aircraft instruments purchased by History Hoard were auctioned off by the U.S. government in the years following World War II. Before we acquired them, they were being stored at a military base near Pueblo, Colorado.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"_04xlpA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos above.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48613433213212,"sku":"MD-WWII-TB-88I3280","price":59.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/20240503125905_IMG_9743.png?v=1743104970"}],"url":"https:\/\/www.historyhoard.com\/collections\/the-modern-age-regular-stock.oembed?page=2","provider":"History Hoard","version":"1.0","type":"link"}