{"title":"renaissance-and-exploration-regular-stock","description":"","products":[{"product_id":"tsardom-of-russia-silver-kopek-wire-money","title":"Ivan The Terrible Kopek - 1500's - Russian Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003eOur Ivan \"The Terrible\" kopeks date back to the reign of Russia's first Tsar (\u003cspan\u003e1547 to 1584)\u003c\/span\u003e. Most were acquired from a private collection in Russia, and they have all received thorough inspection for authenticity by the History Hoard team.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e-----  -----  -----\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eRussia's first Tsar was a complicated man.\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eContrary to popular belief, the name \"Ivan the Terrible\" wasn't given because of how bad Ivan IV Vasilyevich was as a leader\u003cspan\u003e—it actually meant \"formidable.\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBut he definitely did some \u003cem\u003eterrible\u003c\/em\u003e things.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn the whole, Ivan was controversial. There's no doubt that he strengthened Russia, changing it from a primitive medieval state to a powerful empire.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf course, he was also mentally unstable, paranoid, and had a habit of slaughtering anyone he thought of as a threat\u003cspan\u003e—nobles, entire towns, and even his own son.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the end, Russians had to take the good with the bad.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese \u003cem\u003ekopeks\u003c\/em\u003e are a unique kind of money made from tiny pieces of silver wire. Through them, you can own a piece of the brutal reign of the first Tsar and feel a connection to one of Russia's most terrifying leaders.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"d\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Product_Descriptions_Wide_3_2048x2048.png?v=1589673367\" style=\"margin-top: 40px; float: none;\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"m\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/7_2048x2048.jpg?v=1592412137\" alt=\"Portrait of Ivan the Terrible\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"margin-top: 20px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eA portrait of Ivan IV \"The Terrible\"\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAbout Ivan the Terrible:\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIvan IV Vasilyevich, more commonly known by his acquired nickname Ivan The Terrible, took the throne as the first Tsar of Russia in 1547. Contrary to popular belief, the word \"terrible\" was not meant to be interpreted as being \"bad\" or \"awful\"; rather, it was meant to describe the leader as fearsome and formidable.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is not to say that Ivan the Terrible was a peaceful and benevolent leader. He was known for being extremely cruel towards Russian nobles (known as \u003cem\u003eboyars\u003c\/em\u003e) as he saw them as a threat to his power. As a result, he had many boyars executed in order to seize their lands. Ivan also perpetrated the Massacre of Novgorod using his private army, laying waste to the city and killing both boyars and commoners alike. His reasoning for this was simple paranoia; his mental state\u003c\/p\u003e\n","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32906811965487,"sku":"EE-RUS-IVAN","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553829454108,"sku":"EE-RUS-IVAN-NO","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/PeterIkopek1.png?v=1743105373"},{"product_id":"dutch-east-india-co-coin","title":"Dutch East India Co. Coin - 1700's - Southeast Asia","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThese copper coins were made by the Dutch East India Company (VOC), a powerful trading company that controlled a large portion of global trade during the 17th and 18th centuries. The coins are low denomination and feature the VOC monogram with the date of minting on the obverse side. The reverse shows the Dutch coat of arms.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eDuit coins were minted in various VOC controlled locations such as Batavia (now Jakarta), Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and the Cape of Good Hope. These coins were produced in large quantities and widely used as currency in VOC territories, as well as in trade with other countries.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eThe Story of the VOC:\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe Dutch East India Company was established in 1602 as a chartered company, with the goal of monopolizing trade between the Dutch Republic and the East Indies. This region included modern-day Indonesia, Malaysia, and parts of China and India.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAfter its founding, the VOC quickly became one of the most powerful and influential companies of all time. The company had a large fleet of ships and its own army, which it used to protect its trade routes between Europe and Asia and to conquer new territories. The VOC also played a major role in the colonization of parts of the East Indies, establishing settlements and controlling the local economies.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eIts power and influence began to decline in the 18th century as other European powers, such as the British and the French, began to challenge its monopoly on trade and colonization. The company was dissolved in 1799, but its legacy can still be seen in the cultural and economic influences it had on the East Indies and Europe.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32887988387887,"sku":"EE-VOC-DUIT","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin, certificate, and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553829355804,"sku":"EE-VOC-DUIT-NO","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/PhotoRoom-20220301_154310_e67949f4-804f-46db-994d-98b983a3a55e.png?v=1743105371"},{"product_id":"japanese-1-mon-edo-period-1700s","title":"Japan, Kan'ei Tsūhō (Copper) - 1700's - Edo Period","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese \u003cem\u003eKan'ei Tsūhō\u003c\/em\u003e, valued at 1 \u003cem\u003emon\u003c\/em\u003e, were minted by the Japanese during the early Edo Period (1603 - 1768 AD) after centuries of using Chinese coins for trade. They have been privately acquired and inspected for authenticity by the History Hoard team.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSee also: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.historyhoard.com\/products\/japanese-100-mon-edo-period-1860s\"\u003eJapanese 100 Mon Coin - Edo Period\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Product_Descriptions_Mobile_12_2048x2048.jpg?v=1596580626\" alt=\"Samurai\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"margin-top: 20px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eA woodcut of the \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003edaimyo Fukushima Masanori, a feudal lord of the early Edo Period.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1 style=\"margin-top: 20px; text-align: left;\"\u003eThe Edo Period: Age of the \u003cem\u003edaimyo\u003c\/em\u003e\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eWhen you think of feudal Japan, you're almost certainly thinking of the Edo period.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis was the age of the \u003cem\u003esamurai\u003c\/em\u003e and the \u003cem\u003edaimyo\u003c\/em\u003e, a coalition of wealthy landowners that effectively ruled Japan.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003c\/em\u003eBut more than that, the Edo period is known for something else: \u003cem\u003eisolation.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOutside trade was heavily regulated, traveling abroad was completely banned, and foreign books were made illegal.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYet despite all, Japan's economy and culture \u003cem\u003eflourished\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJapanese isolation finally ended in 1853, when American Commodore Matthew Perry forced open the doors of Japanese trade. The introduction of new goods was disastrous for the Japanese economy, and the Edo period ended with the Meiji Resoration in 1868.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eKan'ei Tsūhō\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan\u003e1 \u003cem\u003emon\u003c\/em\u003e coins are some of the few surviving reminders of this period, minted at the height of the \u003cem\u003esamurai\u003c\/em\u003e and the \u003cem\u003edaimyo's\u003c\/em\u003e power.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Edo_Panorama_old_Tokyo_color_photochrom-mobile_5c0943ea-0a9d-416b-86f8-e9d5429a44fb_2048x2048.jpg?v=1596584794\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"margin-top: 20px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePanorama of Edo (now Tokyo), circa 1855 (colorized).\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32888040783919,"sku":"EE-JP-1MON-COPR","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin, certificate, and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553829093660,"sku":"EE-JP-1MON-COPR-NO","price":4.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/1mon_9503ae39-aa47-4273-84ec-594f504b9f98.jpg?v=1743105362"},{"product_id":"japanese-100-mon-edo-period-1860s","title":"Japan, Tenpo Tsuho (100 Mon Coin) - 1830's - Edo Period","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese\u003cem\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003c\/em\u003eunusually shaped \u003cem\u003eTenpō Tsūhō\u003c\/em\u003e, valued at 100 \u003cem\u003emon\u003c\/em\u003e, were minted by the Japanese during the late Edo Period (1835 -1870 AD). They have been privately acquired and inspected for authenticity by the History Hoard team.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSee also: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.historyhoard.com\/products\/japanese-1-mon-edo-period-1700s\"\u003eJapanese 1 Mon Coin - Edo Period\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e-----  -----  -----\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"d\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Product_Descriptions_Wide_11_2048x2048.jpg?v=1596580617\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"margin-top: 40px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"m\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Product_Descriptions_Mobile_12_2048x2048.jpg?v=1596580626\" alt=\"Samurai\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"margin-top: 20px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eA woodcut of the \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003edaimyo Fukushima Masanori, a feudal lord of the early Edo Period.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1 style=\"margin-top: 20px; text-align: left;\"\u003eThe Edo Period: Age of the \u003cem\u003edaimyo\u003c\/em\u003e\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eWhen you think of feudal Japan, you're almost certainly thinking of the Edo period.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis was the age of the \u003cem\u003esamurai\u003c\/em\u003e and the \u003cem\u003edaimyo\u003c\/em\u003e, a coalition of wealthy landowners that effectively ruled Japan.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003c\/em\u003eBut more than that, the Edo period is known for something else: \u003cem\u003eisolation.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOutside trade was heavily regulated, traveling abroad was completely banned, and foreign books were made illegal.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYet despite all, Japan's economy and culture \u003cem\u003eflourished\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJapanese isolation finally ended in 1853, when American Commodore Matthew Perry forced open the doors of Japanese trade. The introduction of new goods was disastrous for the Japanese economy, and the Edo period ended with the Meiji Resoration in 1868.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese\u003cspan\u003e \u003cem\u003eTenpō Tsūhō\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan\u003e100 \u003cem\u003emon\u003c\/em\u003e coins are some of the few surviving reminders of this period. They were minted starting in 1835 for 35 years, until the start of the Meiji Restoration.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"d\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Edo_Panorama_old_Tokyo_color_photochrom_2048x2048.jpg?v=1596583929\" style=\"margin-top: 40px; float: none;\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"m\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Edo_Panorama_old_Tokyo_color_photochrom-mobile_5c0943ea-0a9d-416b-86f8-e9d5429a44fb_2048x2048.jpg?v=1596584794\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"margin-top: 20px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePanorama of Edo (now Tokyo), circa 1855 (colorized).\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32906806493231,"sku":"EE-JP-100MON","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553828864284,"sku":"EE-JP-100MON-NO","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/100mon_4abab58f-3c1a-4f56-baef-63b54068824b.jpg?v=1743105360"},{"product_id":"admiral-gardner-shipwreck-1808","title":"Admiral Gardner Shipwreck - 1809 - British EIC","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese coins are original \"10 cash\" coppers recovered from the wreck of the British East India Company's \u003cem\u003eAdmiral Gardner\u003c\/em\u003e, and have spent over 200 years on the ocean floor. The ship was bound for India when it sank in 1809, and wasn't rediscovered until 1984.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn a dark and stormy day in early 1809, the \u003cem\u003eAdmiral Gardner\u003c\/em\u003e navigated the rough waters of the English Channel. Its intended destinations were Madras and Bengal, overseas holdings of the \u003cem\u003e\u003c\/em\u003eBritish East India Company (EIC). It was to deliver thousands of newly-minted copper coins, among other cargo.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, fate intervened\u003cspan\u003e—the ship was torn apart in a massive storm and claimed by the murky depths of the sea. \u003c\/span\u003eThe EIC valued the lost cargo at £21,579, a hefty sum for the time. But it would not be the only loss of the day. Two other company ships were also sunk during the same storm: the \u003cem\u003eApollo\u003c\/em\u003e and the \u003cem\u003eBritania\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFortunately for the \u003cem\u003eAdmiral Gardner, \u003c\/em\u003esailors on a nearby vessel were able to rescue nearly every crew member. Only three to five were said to have perished. \u003c\/span\u003eThe\u003cem\u003e \u003c\/em\u003esunken ship sat undisturbed until 1984, when it's cargo was finally recovered. \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"History Hoard Certificate (glass top leatherette display) \/ Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32906749902895,"sku":"EE-ADGARD-HH","price":69.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"NGC® Certification (tamper-proof plastic holder) \/ Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32906750820399,"sku":"EE-ADGARD-NGC","price":69.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"History Hoard Certificate (glass top leatherette display) \/ No display, excludes NGC coins - just the coin, certificate, and info card (save $10.00 each)","offer_id":32906749935663,"sku":"EE-ADGARD-HH-NO","price":54.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/ALLSMALLITEMS.jpg?v=1743105356"},{"product_id":"ottoman-empire-silver-akce-1400s","title":"Ottoman Empire, Silver Akce - 1400's - Middle East \u0026 Europe","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e These silver \u003cem\u003eakçe\u003c\/em\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u003c\/em\u003edate back to various sultans of the \u003cstrong\u003e15th century\u003c\/strong\u003e, when the Ottoman Empire was still a relatively new state. Arabic script is featured prominently on both sides of the coin, showing \u003cstrong\u003efamily names, titles, dates, and declarations of faith.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Ottoman Empire was founded in 1299 AD near the Byzantine capital of Constantinople. It saw the height of its power in the 17th century AD, with its influence covering parts of Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. The empire was one of the longest lived in history\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e—\u003c\/span\u003ethough it was founded in the Middle Ages, it endured into the 20th century and even fought in World War I.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach of these coins has been thoroughly inspected for authenticity by an \u003cstrong\u003eANA Certified\u003c\/strong\u003e numismatist.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"m\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"Battle of Chaldiran\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/batle_of_chaldiran_2048x2048.jpg?v=1601583455\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"margin-top: 20px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"d\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"Battle of Chaldiran\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/batle_of_chaldiran_desktop_2048x2048.jpg?v=1601583486\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"margin-top: 40px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eBattle of Chaldiran\u003c\/strong\u003e (1514) was an instrumental moment in the Ottoman conquest of the Middle East from the Persians.\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32906812686383,"sku":"EE-OTTO-AKCE","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553828536604,"sku":"EE-OTTO-AKCE-NO","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/OttomanAkce.jpg?v=1743105348"},{"product_id":"catherine-the-great-russia-1767","title":"Catherine the Great - 1767 to 1796 - Russian Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e These copper coins produced under the mighty \u003cstrong\u003eCatherine the Great (Catherine II)\u003c\/strong\u003e of Russia are easily one of the largest copper coins that ever saw regular use\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e—at a massive ~51 grams, they're almost \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003etwice\u003c\/strong\u003e as heavy as a US silver dollar.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo this day, Catherine II remains Russia's \u003cstrong\u003elongest ruling female leader\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e—despite the fact that she wasn't actually Russian and her name wasn't really Catherine. Born Sophie von Anhalt-Zerbst to an impoverished Prussian prince, she charmed her way into the royal family and married the future Russian emperor \u003cstrong\u003ePeter III\u003c\/strong\u003e at the age of just 16.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBut Peter and Catherine's marriage was not a happy one. After Peter took the throne, Catherine almost immediately began planning his overthrow. Peter ended up abdicating just six months into his reign, and just like that Catherine was now Empress of Russia.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBy most accounts, the \u003cstrong\u003eCatherinian Era\u003c\/strong\u003e is considered the \u003cstrong\u003eGolden Age of Russia.\u003c\/strong\u003e Catherine supported the ideas of the Enlightenment, and was a devoted patron of the arts. She also lead the modernization of Russia and helped found the country's first higher education institution for women.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese beautiful \u003cstrong\u003e5 kopeks \u003c\/strong\u003ecoins are an iconic piece of Catherine's rule. They depict the \u003cstrong\u003edate and empress' initials\u003c\/strong\u003e on the obverse (\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\"E\" and \"T\", for Ekaterina Tsarina), and a \u003cstrong\u003eRomanov double-headed eagle surrounding St. George slaying a dragon\u003c\/strong\u003e on the reverse. Each has been thoroughly inspected for authenticity and is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"m\" style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"An oil painting of Catherine the Great (1780's)\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Catherine_II_by_Levitskiy_after_Roslin__1780s__Hillwood_museum_2048x2048.jpg?v=1602286286\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"margin-top: 20px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"d\" style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"An oil painting of Catherine the Great (1780's)\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Catherine_II_2048x2048.jpg?v=1602286323\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"margin-top: 40px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAn oil painting of Catherine the Great (1780's)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32906790535215,"sku":"EE-RUS-CATH","price":54.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553828405532,"sku":"EE-RUS-CATH-NO","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/CatherinetheGreat.jpg?v=1743105346"},{"product_id":"pirate-money-palembang-pitis-1700s","title":"Pirate Money, Palembang Pitis - 1700's - Southeast Asia","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e These tin \u003cem\u003epitis\u003c\/em\u003e coins were struck in \u003cstrong\u003ePalembang, \u003c\/strong\u003ea major port in 18th century Indonesia that was controlled by the \u003cstrong\u003eDutch East India Company (VOC)\u003c\/strong\u003e. Besides being a hub for the spice trade, the region was also notorious for something else\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e—\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epirates.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eStrait of Malacca\u003c\/strong\u003e has always had a strong association with piracy, a legacy that continues to this day. The area was an incredibly important shipping route, but pirates also had plenty of places to hide within its many coves and inlets.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePalembang was located along the east end of the strait, and was a standard stopping point for merchant ships. But during the Golden Age of Piracy, these ships would be routinely seized for their cargo of rare spices and money\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e—namely \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.historyhoard.com\/collections\/renaissance-and-exploration\/products\/silver-real-spanish-empire\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpanish reales\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.historyhoard.com\/collections\/renaissance-and-exploration\/products\/dutch-east-india-co-coin\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVOC duiten\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e, and these Palembang pitis coins.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThese one-sided coins are made from \u003cstrong\u003ecast tin\u003c\/strong\u003e, and most bear the \u003cstrong\u003eMalay\u003c\/strong\u003e inscription \"the sultan of Palembang year [date].\" Each dates back to the\u003cstrong\u003e late 18th century\u003c\/strong\u003e, and comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"m\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"A Dutch painting of the conquest of Palembang, 1857.\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Louis_Meijer_-_De_overmeestering_van_Palembang_2048x2048.jpg?v=1606152719\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"d\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"A Dutch painting of the conquest of Palembang, 1857.\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Louis_Meijer_-_De_overmeestering_van_Palembang_2048x2048.jpg?v=1606152719\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eA Dutch painting of the conquest of Palembang, 1857.\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32888040554543,"sku":"EE-PIR-PITIS","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin, certificate, and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553827684636,"sku":"EE-PIR-PITIS-NO","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Pitis_in_box.png?v=1743105326"},{"product_id":"china-ming-dynasty-1402-ad","title":"China, Ming Dynasty - 1402 AD - Early Modern China","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e These copper \"cash\" coins date back to the \u003cstrong\u003eMing dynasty \u003c\/strong\u003eof early modern China, during the reign of the \u003cstrong\u003eYongle Emperor\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003e(1402 - 1424 CE).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Ming dynasty (or the \u003cstrong\u003eGreat Ming\u003c\/strong\u003e) ruled China from 1368 to 1644 after the previous Mongol-led government collapsed. The dynasty's most recognizable achievement would be the construction of the \u003cstrong\u003eGreat Wall\u003c\/strong\u003e, as most existing portions date back to this period.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Yongle Emperor himself was perhaps best remembered by his interest in seafaring expeditions. Under the emperor's favor, explorer \u003cstrong\u003eZheng He\u003c\/strong\u003e commanded what came to be known as \u003cstrong\u003eMing treasure voyages \u003c\/strong\u003eto the South China Sea, India, the Middle East, and even Africa.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":39422852300847,"sku":"EE-CHINA-MING","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553824801052,"sku":"EE-CHINA-MING-NO","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/MingDynasty.jpg?v=1743105283"},{"product_id":"vietnam-le-nhan-tong-1443-ad","title":"Vietnam, Le Nhan Tong - 1428 to 1527 AD - Vietnam, Restored Era","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eThese Vietnamese \"cash\" coins date back to the \u003cstrong\u003eLê Dynasty\u003c\/strong\u003e, which ruled from 1428 to 1527 CE. Copper coins produced in Vietnam were very similar to Ming dynasty Chinese cash coins of the same period. Historically Vietnamese coins were more crudely made, but during the Lê dynasty the quality of these coins improved to essentially match their Chinese counterparts.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":39423158747183,"sku":"EE-VIET-LE-DYN","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553824702748,"sku":"EE-VIET-LE-DYN-NO","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Vietnam_Le_new.jpg?v=1776369057"},{"product_id":"colonial-india-french-pondichery-1720","title":"Colonial India, French Pondichery - 1720 - French India","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003eThese copper coins come from colonial India under French control, and were minted between 1720 and 1835 in \u003cstrong\u003ePondichéry \u003c\/strong\u003e(or \u003cstrong\u003ePondicherry\u003c\/strong\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e. The obverse depicts a \u003cstrong\u003efleur-de-lis\u003c\/strong\u003e, a symbol of French heraldry, and the reverse includes\u003cstrong\u003e Tamil script\u003c\/strong\u003e. Its denomination was one \u003cem\u003edoudou\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePondicherry was a trading center established by the \u003cstrong\u003eFrench East India Company \u003c\/strong\u003ein 1674, which went on to become the capitol of French India. Despite being captured by both British and Dutch forces in the 17th and 18th centuries, the French maintained control of Pondicherry even after India gained its independence from the British Empire in 1947. France finally relinquished control of the area in 1962.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":40055051419695,"sku":"EE-FR-INDIA","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553824047388,"sku":"EE-FR-INDIA-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Frenchindia.jpg?v=1743105265"},{"product_id":"india-mughal-empire-akbar-the-great","title":"Mughal Empire, Akbar the Great - 1556 - India","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003eThese thick silver \u003cstrong\u003ehalf rupee\u003c\/strong\u003e coins date back to India's \u003cstrong\u003eMughal Empire\u003c\/strong\u003e and were minted under \u003cstrong\u003eAkbar the Great (1556 - 1605 CE)\u003c\/strong\u003e. Written on the obverse side of the coin is Akbar's name and title, while the reverse shows a portion of the \u003cstrong\u003eSix Kalimas\u003c\/strong\u003e. These Kalimas are six central phrases often recited by those who practice Islam.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003eAkbar the Great was one of the most well regarded emperors of the Mughal Empire. Ruling over a culturally diverse empire, Akbar strategically used diplomacy and religiously tolerant policies to win over the support of his non-Muslim subjects. The Mughal Empire tripled in both size and wealth during this time, and a golden age began for Indo-Persian culture.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":40127581782063,"sku":"EE-MUGHAL-AKB","price":67.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553823719708,"sku":"EE-MUGHAL-AKB-NO","price":52.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Mughal_Akbar.jpg?v=1743105261"},{"product_id":"swedish-empire-livonia-1632","title":"Swedish Empire, Livonia - 1632 - Latvia","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003eThese \u003cem\u003esolidus\u003c\/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003eschilling\u003c\/em\u003e coins date between 1632 and 1654 CE, and were struck under the Swedish queen \u003cstrong\u003eChristina\u003c\/strong\u003e. They were produced in the Swedish territory of \u003cstrong\u003eLivonia\u003c\/strong\u003e, which is today part of Latvia and Estonia. The coins themselves consist of a silver alloy called billon, and depict a coat of arms and a monogram of the queen's name.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\" mce-data-marked=\"1\"\u003eChristina was crowned queen at the age of just six, when her renowned father\u003cstrong\u003e King Gustavus Adolphus\u003c\/strong\u003e met a premature end at the Battle of Lutzen. The queen is remembered for being one of the most educated women of the 1600's, attracting scientists and other academics to Stockholm with her passion for literature, manuscripts, art, philosophy, and alchemy.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\" mce-data-marked=\"1\"\u003eHer reign ended in a scandalous abdication of the throne in 1654, when she converted to Roman Catholicism and moved to Rome in exile. Having been the guest of five consecutive popes, Christina is one of the few women buried in the Vatican grotto today.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":40168751595567,"sku":"EE-SW-LIVONIA","price":27.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553823129884,"sku":"EE-SW-LIVONIA-NO","price":12.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Swedenchristina.jpg?v=1743105256"},{"product_id":"french-revolution-assignat-banknote-1793","title":"French Revolution, Assignat Note - 1792 - French Republic","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eThese genuine assignat notes, worth 10 sols, were issued during the \u003cstrong\u003eFrench Revolution\u003c\/strong\u003e from 1792 to 1793.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile originally meant to be used as bonds, assignat notes were made \u003cstrong\u003elegal tender currency\u003c\/strong\u003e by France's Constituent Assembly in 1790 to avoid the government going into bankruptcy. The notes were backed by France's national land, which could be purchased from the government using these notes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile effective in helping France pay its debts, issuing assignats had the side effect of causing severe inflation. Rising prices and food shortages caused the government to issue the \u003cstrong\u003eMaximum Price Act\u003c\/strong\u003e in 1793, but this only caused food to become more scarce. By June 1794 over 8 billion assignat notes had been issued, and assignats became effectively worthless when the Maximum Price Act was revoked two months later.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis assignat note was worth 10 sols or 1\/2 livre in France's livre tournois currency system used from 781 to 1795 (over 1,000 years!). Each note is dated in the top left corner and features two watermarked seals.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe banknote comes with a rigid archival document holder for preservation and handling. A Certificate of Authenticity is also included.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":40382823792687,"sku":"BR-EE-FR-REV-ASNT","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/20240227122000-IMG_8634_2.png?v=1743105248"},{"product_id":"japan-kanei-tsuho-iron-1700s-edo-period","title":"Japan, Kan'ei Tsūhō (Iron) - 1700's - Edo Period","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e Iron \u003cem\u003eKan'ei Tsūhō,\u003c\/em\u003e valued at 1 \u003cem\u003emon\u003c\/em\u003e, were minted by the Japanese during a period of copper shortage in the late Edo Period (1739 - 1859). These coins were originally cast from a copper alloy beginning in the early Edo Period (1603 - 1768), after centuries of using Chinese coins for trade. However, Japanese copper mines began to run dry in the early 1700's and the government switched to iron to continue creating money.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen you think of feudal Japan, you're almost certainly thinking of the Edo period. This was the age of the \u003cem\u003esamurai\u003c\/em\u003e and the \u003cem\u003edaimyo\u003c\/em\u003e, a coalition of wealthy landowners that effectively ruled Japan. But more than that, the Edo period is known for isolation\u003cem\u003e. \u003c\/em\u003eOutside trade was heavily regulated, traveling abroad was completely banned, and foreign books were made illegal. Yet despite all, Japan's economy and culture flourished. Japanese isolation finally ended in 1853, when American Commodore Matthew Perry forced open the doors of Japanese trade. The introduction of new goods was disastrous for the Japanese economy, and the Edo period ended with the Meiji Restoration in 1868.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003eKan'ei Tsūhō\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan\u003e1 \u003cem\u003emon\u003c\/em\u003e coins are some of the few surviving reminders of this period, minted at the height of the \u003cem\u003esamurai\u003c\/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003edaimyo's\u003c\/em\u003e power.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSee also: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.historyhoard.com\/products\/japanese-100-mon-edo-period-1860s\"\u003eJapanese 100 Mon Coin\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.historyhoard.com\/products\/japanese-1-mon-edo-period-1700s\"\u003eJapanese Copper Kanei Tsuho\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"margin-top: 20px; float: none;\" height=\"2048x2048\" width=\"2048x2048\" alt=\"Samurai\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Product_Descriptions_Mobile_12_2048x2048.jpg?v=1596580626\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eA woodcut of the \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003edaimyo Fukushima Masanori, a feudal lord of the early Edo Period.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":40578533589039,"sku":"EE-JP-1MON-IR","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin, certificate, and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553820049692,"sku":"EE-JP-1MON-IR-NO","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Ironkaneitsuho.jpg?v=1743105236"},{"product_id":"japan-hansatsu-scrip-1-monme-1864-edo-period","title":"Japan, Hansatsu Scrip (1 Monme) - 1745 - Edo Period","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003ePaper \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003ci\u003ehansatsu\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan\u003e (\u003cspan title=\"Japanese-language text\" lang=\"ja\"\u003e藩札\u003c\/span\u003e)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e scrips were a staple currency during Japan's \u003cstrong\u003eEdo Period\u003c\/strong\u003e, which lasted from 1603 to 1867 CE. These notes were issued by local feudal rulers to supplement coinage, and were typically redeemable for silver, gold, copper, or even commodity goods like rice. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe use of these paper notes changed significantly over time. During some periods they replaced coinage altogether, while others saw a complete ban on paper scrips due to anti-counterfeiting measures. Japanese scrips remained in print from the early 1600's until 1871, when the newly established Meiji government replaced them with a new national currency.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese particular hansatsu come from the Shibamura Domain in central Japan. They date back to\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003ethe \u003cstrong\u003efirst year of the Enkyo era\u003c\/strong\u003e, or 1745 CE on the Western calendar, and each was worth 1 monme and exchangeable for silver.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNotes come with a rigid, archival grade currency protection sleeve. A Certificate of Authenticity is also included.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":40626323521583,"sku":"BR-EE-JP-1MNM-HAN","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_7835-Photoroom.jpg?v=1743111818"},{"product_id":"charles-ii-of-england-farthing-1670s-great-britain","title":"Charles II of England, Farthing - 1670's - Great Britain","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e These copper coins were struck in London from 1672 to 1679, under the reign of \u003cstrong\u003eCharles II of England, Scotland, and Ireland\u003c\/strong\u003e. They were worth \u003cstrong\u003eone farthing\u003c\/strong\u003e, which was 1\/4 of a penny in the British pre-decimal \u003cstrong\u003epound sterling \u003c\/strong\u003esystem.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCharles II is perhaps best known for his role in the wake of the \u003cstrong\u003eEnglish Civil War\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e (1642 - 1651)\u003c\/strong\u003e. He inherited a fragmented Britain from his father, Charles I, after he was executed in 1649 by parliamentarian forces led by \u003cstrong\u003eOliver Cromwell\u003c\/strong\u003e. Initially only proclaimed King of Scotland, Charles II's army was routed by English forces under Cromwell and the king was forced into exile in mainland Europe (first to France, then to the Netherlands).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Cromwell_and_Charles_1_2048x2048.png?v=1650480265\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eOliver Cromwell (left) and Charles II (right)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith the British monarchy abolished, Cromwell proceeded to take the title of \u003cstrong\u003eLord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland\u003c\/strong\u003e. A controversial figure, Oliver Cromwell has been viewed both as a bringer of liberty who freed Britain from royal control and a dictator himself. The power vacuum after Cromwell died in 1658 eventually resulted in the \u003cstrong\u003e1660 Restoration\u003c\/strong\u003e of the monarchy, and Charles II was invited back to rule once more—this time over England, Scotland, and Ireland.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCharles lived a famously hedonistic life, to the point that he earned the nickname \u003cem\u003eThe \u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eMerry Monarch\u003c\/em\u003e. Though he fathered at least 12 illegitimate children with various mistresses, he left no legitimate heirs and was succeeded by his brother, \u003cstrong\u003eJames II\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"High Grade \/ Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":40824672124975,"sku":"EE-ENG-CH2F-HIGH","price":134.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"High Grade \/ No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card","offer_id":40824672157743,"sku":"EE-ENG-CH2F-HIGH-NO","price":119.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Low Grade \/ Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":40824670257199,"sku":"EE-ENG-CH2F-LOW","price":104.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Low Grade \/ No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card","offer_id":40824670289967,"sku":"EE-ENG-CH2F-LOW-NO","price":89.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/CharlesIIenglandindisplay.jpg?v=1743105226"},{"product_id":"dutch-east-india-co-half-duit-1700s-southeast-asia","title":"Dutch East India Co. Half Duit - 1700's - Southeast Asia","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese coins of the Dutch East India Co. were struck within the 1700's, and were worth half a \u003cstrong\u003eduit \u003c\/strong\u003ein the Dutch \u003cem\u003eguilden\u003c\/em\u003e system of currency. They feature the \u003cstrong\u003ecompany monogram (VOC)\u003c\/strong\u003e on the obverse side and a \u003cstrong\u003ecrowned shield denoting where the coin was minted\u003c\/strong\u003e on the reverse side.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt's hard to comprehend just how massive the Dutch East India Company (or VOC) really was. The corporation was the sole trading company in all of southeast Asia, and even had its own private military to defend its holdings. They minted their own corporate money, and literally created the modern day financial system by introducing the idea of international financial centers and stock trading. It existed over a span of almost 200 years, from 1602 to its dissolution in 1799.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf course, the company had a notorious dark side. It was known to be ruthless to the native populations of the lands it controlled, often warring with them or simply using them as slave labor. It exemplified the evils of colonialism, mercilessly conquering and exploiting any land that came under its control. Despite this, its influence is still felt in many ways to this day. Cultures changed by being introduced to new spices and other goods, the foundations of modern economic systems were established, and corporate branding and culture were created for the first time.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":40931435708463,"sku":"EE-VOC-HALFDT","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin, certificate, and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553818181916,"sku":"EE-VOC-HALFDT-NO","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Black_b7d1d3e1-cb2e-4205-a1e8-00e5268f0b48.png?v=1743105213"},{"product_id":"china-qing-dynasty-c-1700-to-1850-early-modern-china","title":"China, Qing Dynasty - c. 1700 to 1850 - Early Modern China","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e These copper \"cash\" coins date back to the Qing dynasty, the last imperial Chinese dynasty in history. They have inscriptions in both Chinese and Manchu script, which are outlined below.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLasting almost three centuries, the Qing dynasty saw China grow to its greatest territorial extent after the annexation of Tibet, Xinjiang, and Mongolia. The Qing rulers weren't ethnically Chinese, however, but rather came from a group of people called the Manchu.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe coins in this listing were cast during the peak of the Qing dynasty, in the mid-1700's to the mid-1800's. During this period, China transformed into a thriving commercial empire and its population almost doubled. The decline of the Qing dynasty in the late 1800's culminated in its collapse in 1912 during the Xinhai Revolution, ending the two millennia long era of emperors ruling China.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost coins in this group are from the following four emperors, and have the Chinese inscriptions shown below:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYongzheng Emperor: 雍正通寶 - 1722 to 1735\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQianlong Emperor: 乾隆通寶 - 1735 to 1796\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJiaqing Emperor: 嘉慶通寶 - 1796 to 1820\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDaoguang Emperor: 道光通寶 - 1820 to 1850\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":41319004766255,"sku":"EE-CHINA-QING","price":22.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the pin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553816445212,"sku":"EE-CHINA-QING-NO","price":7.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Qingcash.jpg?v=1743105190"},{"product_id":"japanese-sword-fragments-c-1850s-to-early-1900s-late-edo-to-meiji-era","title":"Japanese Sword Fragments - c. 1850's to early 1900's - Late Edo to Meiji Era","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cspan\u003eThese cut pieces of Japanese swords date back to the late Edo to Meiji era, or around the mid 1800's to early 1900's. Japan had just come out of a two and a half century long period of isolation, and was quickly modernizing to compete on the world stage. Though the samurai class was practically abolished in the 1870's, swords remained an important part of Japanese society. Historically, samurai would carry at least two swords: the \u003cstrong\u003ekatana\u003c\/strong\u003e, a longsword, and the \u003cstrong\u003ewakizashi\u003c\/strong\u003e, a shortsword.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe swords you see here were not cut apart by us here at History Hoard! \u003c\/strong\u003eThey\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e were most likely destroyed after Japan passed strict weapon laws in the 1950's. Under the new law, all mass produced swords were banned and traditionally crafted swords became highly regulated. People who owned antique swords were required to obtain a permit in order to keep them, a costly and time consuming process. Unfortunately this drove many people to cut their swords' blades down to less than 15 centimeters long, which made them legal to own without a permit.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe worked with an antique sword dealer in Japan to import these directly to the United States. Many of these pieces may have once been family heirlooms or were recovered after being put away in storage for decades, often hidden away in more rural areas which helped them avoid the bombings and Allied sword confiscations of World War II. Due to the sheer amount of swords produced by Japan over the last few centuries, many lower grade examples are surprisingly affordable.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoth pieces of the \u003cstrong\u003eblades\u003c\/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003etangs (handles)\u003c\/strong\u003e are available in \u003cstrong\u003ethree sizes\u003c\/strong\u003e. Please use caution as parts of the blades are still somewhat sharp. Each includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity and a small acrylic display stand.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Long_Sword_and_Scabbard_LACMA_AC1999.186.1.1-.16_2048x2048.jpg?v=1663784050\" alt=\"Katana and Wakizashi sword comparison\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"_04xlpA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\" mce-data-marked=\"1\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eA daisho (pair) of a 18th-19th century katana (below) and wakizashi (above). The blade itself has been removed from its mountings and the bare tang is visible. Image credit: LACMA\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Blade (+$5.00) \/ Small - 1 to 1.5 inch","offer_id":41391098822703,"sku":"EE-JP-SD-BLADE-S","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Blade (+$5.00) \/ Medium - 2 to 3 inch (+$10)","offer_id":41391098855471,"sku":"EE-JP-SD-BLADE-M","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Blade (+$5.00) \/ Large - 3.5 to 5 inch (+$30)","offer_id":41391098888239,"sku":"EE-JP-SD-BLADE-L","price":64.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Blade (+$5.00) \/ Extra Large - 5.1 to 8 inch (+$60)","offer_id":41409832288303,"sku":"EE-JP-SD-BLADE-XL","price":94.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Tang (handle) \/ Small - 1 to 1.5 inch","offer_id":41391098921007,"sku":"EE-JP-SD-TANG-S","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Tang (handle) \/ Medium - 2 to 3 inch (+$10)","offer_id":41391098953775,"sku":"EE-JP-SD-TANG-M","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Tang (handle) \/ Large - 3.5 to 5 inch (+$30)","offer_id":41391098986543,"sku":"EE-JP-SD-TANG-L","price":59.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Tang (handle) \/ Extra Large - 5.1 to 8 inch (+$60)","offer_id":41409832321071,"sku":"EE-JP-SD-TANG-XL","price":89.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/PhotoRoom-20221021_212723_2_d6c05198-e36e-4f23-a5e5-f498ad5e3307.png?v=1743105174"},{"product_id":"dutch-east-indies-post-voc-duit-1833-to-1840-indonesia","title":"Dutch East Indies, Post–VOC Duit - 1833 to 1840 - Indonesia","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e This is a copper one \u003cem\u003eduit\u003c\/em\u003e coin minted in the Dutch East Indies (modern day Indonesia) after the collapse of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). Instead of showing the company monogram like earlier coins from the 1700's, these instead have the words \"NEDERL INDIE\" and the date.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eDutch East India Company\u003c\/strong\u003e, (translated from Vereenigde Oost-indische Compagnie, or \u003cstrong\u003eVOC\u003c\/strong\u003e) was the first multinational corporation in history as well as one of the largest. It was the sole trading company in all of southeast Asia, and even had its own private military to defend its holdings. They minted their own corporate money, and literally created the modern day financial system by introducing the idea of international financial centers and stock trading. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe company charter was revoked in 1799 by the Dutch government, who took over the VOC’s debts and possessions. The Dutch administration was replaced by British rule following the invasion of Java in 1811. Dutch rule was restored between 1814-1816 as part of a treaty between the Netherlands and Britain. The Dutch government issued fractional copper coins like these, along with silver \"Netherlands indies\" gulden until Indonesian independence in 1949.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThese coins were struck at the Surabaya mint, which had originally closed in 1828. However, it was reopened in the 1830's due to demand for coinage created by the \u003cstrong\u003ecultivation system\u003c\/strong\u003e: a Dutch government policy requiring farmers to devote part of agricultural production to export crops. When demand was finally satiated, the Surabaya mint closed in 1843 and subsequent coinage was imported.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":44065777385756,"sku":"EE-DUTCH-EI","price":22.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the pin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553815363868,"sku":"EE-DUTCH-EI-NO","price":7.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/EE-DUTCH-EIinbox.jpg?v=1743105168"},{"product_id":"tokugawa-shogunate-silver-issu-gin-1853-to-1865-japan","title":"Tokugawa Shogunate Silver Issu–Gin - 1853 to 1865 - Japan","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e These rectangular silver coins were produced by the \u003cstrong\u003eTokugawa shogunate\u003c\/strong\u003e at the end of the \u003cstrong\u003eEdo Period\u003c\/strong\u003e, from 1853 to 1865. Known as \"Kaei Isshugin,\" each coin is about 96% pure silver and was stamped with the character \"\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e定\" by the mint to show its authenticity.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTokugawa coinage was introduced in 1601, to stop Japan from relying on Chinese-made bronze coins which were used for centuries earlier. Gold and silver were in short supply on the Japanese islands, which lead Japan to ban the export of bullion currency in the 1700's. In the 1800's, the scarcity of gold and silver as well as natural disasters and high government spending caused coins to become smaller and smaller over time. These issu-gin, produced at the end of Tokugawa rule, measure only 17mm by 10mm (0.7 by 0.4 inches)\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":44169808609564,"sku":"EE-JP-ISSUGIN","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the item and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553815003420,"sku":"EE-JP-ISSUGIN-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Kaeiisshugin.jpg?v=1743105163"},{"product_id":"spanish-silver-cob-1-2-real-c-1600-to-1800-south-america","title":"Spanish Silver Cob, 1\/2 Real - c. 1600 to 1800 - South America","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e These silver \"cob\" coins were minted in South America under the control of the Spanish Empire. They date back to approximately the 1600's or 1700's, though many are hard to attribute to a certain king due to their crudely made nature. This specific group of coins were found along rivers and beaches, meaning that they are designated as\u003cstrong\u003e sea salvaged\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWorth half a \u003cem\u003ereal\u003c\/em\u003e in the Spanish currency system, these low denomination coins would have been used frequently by commoners in the \"New World.\" Though often a bit hard to read, the obverse of these coins shows a Jerusalem cross with lions and castles in each quarter. The reverse usually shows the monogram of the king, with a partial date sometimes visible as well.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Spanish_Empire-World_Map_1024x1024.png?v=1675460953\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Spanish Empire (red) at its greatest extent in the 18th century, around the time that these coins were minted.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" mce-data-marked=\"1\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe Rise of Cob Coins\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSilver was one of the driving forces behind the Spanish colonization of the Americas. The first mint was established in present-day Mexico city, but other mints established with the discovery of new sources of gold and silver. Demand to export silver back to Spain increased as more silver deposits were discovered in colonial territories, so mints began producing irregular coinage known as cobs.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMacuquinas\u003c\/em\u003e, or cobs, were struck and hand trimmed from the 16th through the 18th century. Known as reales, they were made from irregularly shaped blanks cut from the end of a bar of silver—the term “cob” is likely derived from cabo de barra, or “end of bar.” The size of and shape of the cob were considered immaterial and vary widely, as only their weight was standardized. If cobs were overweight, they were simply clipped.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCobs were meant to be restruck into standard coinage once ships returned to Spain, but unfortunately many ships were lost to storms, hurricanes, or piracy on their way back. Cobs were widely accepted as currency around the world, including the early United States before the nation had monetary systems of its own. The coins came in denominations of one half, one, two, four, and eight reales, with the eight reales being known to pirates as the famed “Piece of Eight” coin.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":44439841210652,"sku":"EE-SP-COB-HREAL","price":74.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553814544668,"sku":"EE-SP-COB-HREAL-NO","price":59.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Spanishsilvercobinbox.jpg?v=1743105156"},{"product_id":"tokugawa-shogunate-silver-ichibu-gin-1837-to-1868-japan","title":"Tokugawa Shogunate Silver Ichibu–Gin - 1837 to 1868 - Japan","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e These rectangular silver coins were produced by the Tokugawa shogunate at the end of the Edo Period, from 1837 to 1868. Known as \"Ichibu-gin,\" each coin is about 96% pure silver and was stamped with the character \"定\" by the mint to show its authenticity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJapanese silver coins perpetuated an economic crisis during the mid-19th century. Since Japan had previously been isolated for over 200 years, their exchange rates for precious metals had not yet caught up with the rest of the world. As a result, American traders could exchange $4 for 12 of these Ichibu-gin, then exchange those for $12 worth of gold. This exploit resulted in a huge outflow of gold from the Japanese islands.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTokugawa coinage was introduced in 1601, to stop Japan from relying on Chinese-made bronze coins which were used for centuries earlier. Gold and silver were in short supply on the Japanese islands, which lead Japan to ban the export of bullion currency in the 1700's. In the 1800's, the scarcity of gold and silver as well as natural disasters and high government spending caused coins to become smaller and smaller over time. These coins measure 19mm by 16mm, substantially bigger than the smaller Issu-gin that we have for sale as well.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":44743889748252,"sku":"EE-JP-ICHIBU","price":64.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the item and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553814118684,"sku":"EE-JP-ICHIBU-NO","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/IMG_0855_2_5eed8ee4-23e8-485c-99d3-9f54d8250261.png?v=1743105147"},{"product_id":"gold-nisshukin-edo-to-meiji-era-1832-to-1869-japan","title":"Gold Tenpo Nisshu-kin, Edo Period - 1832 to 1858 - Edo Japan","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e Tenpo Nishu-kin are a form of gold bar money used during Japan's Edo period. They are larger than the other type of Nishu-kin that we offer, though they are also less rare. The purity of the gold in these coins is approximately 29.8 percent, and the average weight is about 1.62 grams.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eNishu-kin and Nibu-kin were important forms of gold bar money in Japan during the Edo Period. As smaller denominations of gold currency, they offered a practical and accessible means of exchange for the population. Nishu-kin, valued at two shu (a shu being a unit of gold weight), and Nibu-kin, valued at two bu (another unit of gold weight), were used in various transactions alongside other gold and silver currencies of the time.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThese gold bar coins were carefully crafted with intricate designs and inscriptions, reflecting the rich artistic heritage of Japan. Their unique size, shape, and historical significance make Nishu-kin and Nibu-kin fascinating examples of the diverse and evolving world of Japanese currency during the Edo Period and early Meiji era.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":44907202019612,"sku":"EE-JP-NISSHU-TENPO","price":104.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553813594396,"sku":"EE-JP-NISSHU-TENPO-NO","price":89.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/14_ac2cedaf-3e19-44ab-9662-c53dd7ea831b.jpg?v=1743105136"},{"product_id":"gold-manen-nisshu-kin-edo-to-meiji-era-1860-to-1869-japan","title":"Gold Man'en Nisshu-kin, Edo to Meiji Era - 1860 to 1869 - Japan","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e Man'en Nishu-kin are a form of gold bar money used in Japan during the late Edo period to early Meiji era. They are smaller than the other type of Nishu-kin that we offer, but they are also \u003cstrong\u003esignificantly more rare\u003c\/strong\u003e. The purity of the gold in these coins is approximately 22.9 percent, and the average weight is about \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e0.75\u003c\/span\u003e grams.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eNishu-kin and Nibu-kin were important forms of gold bar money in Japan during the Edo Period. As smaller denominations of gold currency, they offered a practical and accessible means of exchange for the population. Nishu-kin, valued at two shu (a shu being a unit of gold weight), and Nibu-kin, valued at two bu (another unit of gold weight), were used in various transactions alongside other gold and silver currencies of the time.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThese gold bar coins were carefully crafted with intricate designs and inscriptions, reflecting the rich artistic heritage of Japan. Their unique size, shape, and historical significance make Nishu-kin and Nibu-kin fascinating examples of the diverse and evolving world of Japanese currency during the Edo Period and early Meiji era.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":44907204083996,"sku":"EE-JP-NISSHU-MANEN","price":99.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553813463324,"sku":"EE-JP-NISSHU-MANEN-NO","price":84.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/15_e31a120c-8a69-4099-b960-db04855fa4b6.jpg?v=1743105134"},{"product_id":"cartwheel-penny-george-iii-1797-great-britain-1","title":"Cartwheel Penny, George III (Bargain Grade) - 1797 - Great Britain","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThese coins are low grade, meaning that they may have holes, markings, corrosion, and other types of wear. However, we've discounted them accordingly!\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYou will \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003enot\u003c\/span\u003e receive a coin that is too worn or damaged to recognize.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003eThese copper \"cartwheel\" pennies were one of the largest English copper coins to ever circulate, alongside the even larger cartwheel two pence. They were produced under King George III, who was king of Great Britain during the\u003cstrong\u003e American Revolution\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe coins earned their \"cartwheel\" nickname from both their large size and thick outer rim, which were thought to resemble a wooden cart wheel. They were issued to address Britain's coin shortage, which came as a result of silver pennies no longer being produced. The government authorized\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eMatthew Boulton\u003c\/strong\u003e, a businessman and manufacturer, to begin striking copper pennies and twopence in \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSoho, Birmingham\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe obverse shows \u003cstrong\u003eKing George III\u003c\/strong\u003e and the reverse shows a seated \u003cb\u003eBritannia\u003c\/b\u003e, the symbolic personification of Britain. While all the coins were struck with the date 1797, they were actually produced for a few years after that date as well.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":44989218062620,"sku":"EE-GB-G3-CTPENNY","price":32.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553813168412,"sku":"EE-GB-G3-CTPENNY-NO","price":17.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Cartwheelpenny_6bf99b6c-5611-4c60-98c1-5bc0507b6314.jpg?v=1743105129"},{"product_id":"spain-copper-pirate-cobs-c-1556-to-1717-spanish-empire","title":"Spain, Copper \"Pirate\" Cob - c. 1556 to 1717 - Spanish Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eThese Spanish copper cob coins, minted between the reigns of King Philip II and Philip V from 1556 to 1717, circulated during an iconic era known as the \u003cstrong\u003eGolden Age of Piracy\u003c\/strong\u003e. This period, spanning roughly from 1650 to 1730, marked the peak of piracy in various regions, notably Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eWhile these copper cobs are not technically \"pirate\" coins—since pirates didn't mint their own currency—they have nevertheless secured a strong association with pirates in popular culture. This is primarily due to the historical fact of these coins' widespread use among seafarers in the New World's ports during that era. Indeed, Spanish currency held a favored status among all maritime traders, both legitimate and otherwise.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSporting a crude, irregular shape characteristic of the \u003cstrong\u003e\"cob\" style\u003c\/strong\u003e—derived from the Spanish word 'cabo', meaning 'end' or 'piece'—these coins showcase a castle on the obverse and a rampant lion on the reverse. These symbols powerfully represent the Spanish monarchy and the former Kingdom of León, respectively. Each coin was worth varying amounts of \u003cstrong\u003emaravedis\u003c\/strong\u003e, a unit somewhat comparable to cents in the \u003cstrong\u003eSpanish real\u003c\/strong\u003e currency system.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFurthermore, many of these coins underwent \u003cstrong\u003ecounterstamping\u003c\/strong\u003e—a process that updated an older coin's denomination or inscription with a new design. This practice was particularly common with Spanish coins due to the vastness of the empire. Counterstamping was far more practical than creating new coins, as the latter would necessitate the transportation of copper across extensive distances.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA Certificate of Authenticity accompanies all items purchased at History Hoard.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Average Grade","offer_id":45218724708636,"sku":"EE-SP-CU-COB-AVG","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ High Grade (visible lion or castle)","offer_id":45218788016412,"sku":"EE-SP-CU-COB-HIGH","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Average Grade","offer_id":51553812611356,"sku":"EE-SP-CU-COB-AVG-NO","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ High Grade (visible lion or castle)","offer_id":51553812644124,"sku":"EE-SP-CU-COB-HIGH-NO","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Spainpiratecobindisplay.jpg?v=1743105121"},{"product_id":"king-charles-ii-the-bewitched-copper-cob-c-1665-to-1700-spanish-empire","title":"King Charles II \"The Bewitched\" Copper Cob - c. 1665 to 1700 - Spanish Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eMinted during the reign of King Charles II (or Carlos II) of Spain, these Spanish copper coins embody a monarch whose life was as fascinating as it was tragic. Known as \"The Bewitched,\" Charles II was the last Habsburg ruler of Spain, reigning from 1665 to 1700. His life was plagued by severe health issues and physical disabilities, largely due to the Habsburg dynasty's notorious practice of inbreeding—his parents, Philip IV of Spain and Mariana of Austria, were uncle and niece.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe Habsburgs engaged in inbreeding as a strategy to keep property within the royal family. This practice, however, led to many family members, including Charles II, suffering from the infamous “Habsburg jaw.” This physical deformity was so severe in Charles that it interfered with his eating and caused frequent stomach issues.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe extent to which inbreeding contributed to Charles's health problems is still a topic of debate. He endured a multitude of health issues throughout his life, including prolonged periods of illness from the time he ascended the throne. His health complications may have been triggered by a herpetic infection shortly after his birth, and his autopsy report suggests hydrocephalus (an accumulation of excess fluid in the brain). Despite his health struggles, Charles II ruled until his death on November 1, 1700. His reign was characterized by political instability and uncertainty over succession due to his failure to produce an heir, despite two marriages. His death without a direct successor sparked the War of the Spanish Succession.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDespite the political instability and economic downturn during Charles II's reign, these copper cobs remained a potent symbol of Spanish power and influence. Their crude, irregular shape, typical of the \"cob\" style, reflected the pragmatism of the Spanish Empire. The coins featured a castle on the obverse and a rampant lion on the reverse, representing the Spanish monarchy and the former Kingdom of León, respectively. Each coin had a value in maravedis, a unit somewhat akin to cents in the Spanish real currency system.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA Certificate of Authenticity accompanies all items purchased at History Hoard.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Average Grade","offer_id":45456224747804,"sku":"EE-SP-CHAR2-AVG","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ High Grade (visible lion or castle)","offer_id":45456224780572,"sku":"EE-SP-CHAR2-HIGH","price":54.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Average Grade","offer_id":51553811824924,"sku":"EE-SP-CHAR2-AVG-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ High Grade (visible lion or castle)","offer_id":51553811857692,"sku":"EE-SP-CHAR2-HIGH-NO","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/CarlosIIinbox.jpg?v=1743105109"},{"product_id":"the-pirate-collection-1500s-to-1700s-ce-3-coins","title":"The Pirate Collection - 1500s to 1700s CE - 3 Coins","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003ePirate \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCollection\u003c\/strong\u003e features three coins that carry a strong historical association with piracy, specifically the \u003cstrong\u003eGolden Age of Piracy\u003c\/strong\u003e from the 17th to 18th century. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eCoins traded in pirate hotbeds such as the Caribbean had a melting pot of different cultures attributed to them. Practically any coins were acceptable for circulation, as long as they had intrinsic value from precious metal content. Though coins of Spanish origin were used primarily, English, French, and even Chinese coins were all viable as well.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThere are three coins included in this set, as outlined below:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSpanish Silver Cob (c. 1600 - 1800 CE)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThese silver \"cob\" coins were minted in South America under the control of the Spanish Empire. They date back to approximately the 1600s or 1700s, though many are hard to attribute to a certain king due to their crudely made nature. The coins in this group were found along rivers and beaches, meaning that they are designated as \u003cstrong\u003esea salvaged\u003c\/strong\u003e. Worth half a real in the Spanish currency system, these low denomination coins would have been used frequently by commoners in the \"New World.\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSpanish Copper Cob (c. 1556 - 1717 CE)\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThese Spanish copper cob coins were minted between the reigns of King Philip II and Philip V. Sporting a crude, irregular shape characteristic of the \"cob\" style, these coins were made with efficiency in mind. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMany of them underwent counterstamping—a process that updated an older coin's denomination or inscription with a new design. This practice was particularly common with Spanish coins due to the vastness of the empire. Counterstamping was far more practical than creating new coins, as the latter would necessitate the transportation of copper across extensive distances.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePalembang Pitis (c. 1700 - 1800 CE)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThese tin pitis coins were struck in Palembang, a major port in 18th century Indonesia that was controlled by the Dutch East India Company (VOC). Located along the Strait of Malacca, Palembang was not only a hub for the spice trade but for pirates as well. The area was an incredibly important shipping route, but pirates also had plenty of places to hide within its many coves and inlets. Palembang was located along the east end of the strait, and was a standard stopping point for merchant ships. But during the Golden Age of Piracy, these ships would be routinely seized for their cargo of rare spices and money—namely Spanish reales, VOC duiten, and these Palembang pitis coins.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45620547977500,"sku":"COL-PIRATE","price":119.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/PhotoRoom-20230705_154401_1.png?v=1743105099"},{"product_id":"coins-of-the-edo-period-three-coin-collection-1626-to-1870-ce-edo-japan","title":"Coins of the Edo Period, Three Coin Collection - 1626 to 1870 CE - Edo Japan","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis set of three lower denomination coins comes from Japan's Edo period, lasting from 1603 to 1867 CE. The coins included are described below:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTenpō Tsūhō:\u003c\/strong\u003e Worth 100 mon, minted 1835 - 1870 CE\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eKan'ei Tsūhō:\u003c\/strong\u003e Worth 1 mon, minted 1626 - 1738 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eKan'ei Tsūhō (waves reverse):\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eWorth 4 mon, minted 1769 - 1788 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen you think of feudal Japan, you're almost certainly thinking of the \u003cstrong\u003eEdo period\u003c\/strong\u003e. This was the age of the samurai and the daimyo, a coalition of wealthy landowners known as the \u003cstrong\u003eTokugawa shogunate\u003c\/strong\u003e that effectively ruled Japan. But more than that, the Edo period is known for isolation. Outside trade was heavily regulated, traveling abroad was completely banned, and foreign books were made illegal. Yet despite all, Japan's economy and culture flourished.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach of the coins represent a different denomination of copper coinage within the Edo period, which you can read about below.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKan'ei Tsūhō (1 mon):\u003c\/strong\u003e Though their composition and size changed over the years, Kan'ei Tsūhō were the dominant coins of the Edo period for over two centuries. The Edo period opened up a long era of peace in Japan, and with it came a booming economy. Many new copper mines had opened up across the nation, and these coins were introduced by the Japanese government in the 1600s to satisfy demand for copper currency.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKan'ei Tsūhō (4 mon):\u003c\/strong\u003e By the 1700s, Japan's once plentiful copper reserves were beginning to run out. In addition to minting iron coinage, the value of copper Kan’ei Tsuho was raised from 1 mon to 4 mon. Though these new 4 mon coins were only slightly bigger, the Japanese population eagerly accepted them to fuel their economy. In addition to size, 4 mon coins are differentiated by the waves present on their reverse side.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTenpō Tsūhō (100 mon):\u003c\/strong\u003e The largest and highest denomination of the three coins, these were first issued by Japan in the 1830s to combat the government's growing debt problem. Of course, this unfortunately lead to massive inflation, which put the Tokugawa government in an even weaker position when confronted with American warships in 1853 and eventually contributed to the end of the Edo period in 1868.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eNote that Tenpō Tsūhō do contain about 12% lead (in addition to 78% copper and 10% tin), so it is good practice to wash your hands after handling them.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":45858654126364,"sku":"COL-JP-EDO-COPPER","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553810186524,"sku":"COL-JP-EDO-COPPER-NO","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/coinsofedojapanbookcasebgnew_c398991d-b1be-4b8f-89d8-7fba016c6223.jpg?v=1743105087"},{"product_id":"napoleon-bonaparte-dutch-east-indies-1806-to-1810-ce-java-indonesia","title":"Napoleon Bonaparte, Dutch East Indies, 1 Duit - 1806 to 1810 CE - Java, Indonesia","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e These coins were minted by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in Java, part of modern day Indonesia, when it was part of Napoleonic France. The obverse shows the VOC monogram, while the reverse reads \"JAVA\" and the date.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOn June 5, 1806, Napoleon Bonaparte transformed the Batavian Republic into the Kingdom of Holland, appointing his brother Louis Bonaparte as King. Although Napoleon's intention was for Louis to serve primarily as a figurehead, Louis endeavored to assimilate into his new nation. He even adopted the Dutch rendition of his name, becoming known as Lodewijk I. There's a humorous anecdote that Louis' initial grasp of the Dutch language was so poor that he mistakenly referred to himself as the \"Rabbit of Holland\" rather than the \"King of Holland.\"\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDespite Louis' efforts to integrate, Napoleon disapproved of his brother's rule, accusing him of prioritizing the Dutch people over his own interests. This disagreement escalated when Louis defied Napoleon's request for troops during his planned invasion of Russia. In 1809, a British invasion was successfully thwarted by French forces, which Napoleon used as a pretext to pressure Louis into abdication, arguing that he had failed to adequately protect Holland. On July 1, 1810, Louis abdicated in favor of Napoleon's five year old son, Napoleon Louis Bonaparte.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eNapoleon then introduced a nationwide civil registration system for births, marriages, and deaths in order to monitor taxable individuals and conscription eligibility. In 1811, he mandated that all individuals without a surname must select one. This directive led to an unexpected form of protest, with some Dutch citizens choosing deliberately absurd or offensive names, knowing that French bureaucrats would not understand their meanings. While much of the crude language has since been moderated, some of these unusual surnames, such as \"De Hond\" (The Dog), \"Aardappel\" (Potato), and \"Naaktgeboren\" (born naked), persist to this day.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":45902297760028,"sku":"EE-VOC-JAVA","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553809695004,"sku":"EE-VOC-JAVA-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Napoleonvoc.jpg?v=1743105084"},{"product_id":"kingdom-of-morocco-cast-bronze-falus-c-1760-to-1882-ce-north-africa","title":"Kingdom of Morocco, Cast Bronze Falus - c. 1792 to 1873 CE - North Africa","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e These bronze falus coins from Morocco may look similar to coins from ancient times, but they're actually far more recent. Minted between 1792 and 1873 CE under various rulers of the Alawi dynasty, they tell a fascinating story of a nation and its cultural symbols. During this period Morocco experienced internal strife and external pressures from European powers seeking to expand their influence. The country was navigating through political reforms and treaties, trying to maintain its sovereignty.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe falus coins featured the Seal of Solomon, a symbol that has a rich history in Islamic, Jewish, and Christian traditions. In Islamic culture, it's often associated with Solomon's wisdom and power, and its use on the coins may have symbolized divine protection or the ruler's authority. This emblem's presence on the coins reflects the blending of religious symbolism with statecraft, a common practice in many Islamic societies of the time.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe reverse side of these coins features the Islamic calendar year, in which 1260 would equal 1844 CE. However, the reverse side typically has the heaviest wear and most of these coins only have partial details visible, if any.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe term \"falus\" itself has an intriguing origin too, deriving from a Roman coin known as a “follis” introduced by Emperor Diocletian in 296 CE. The term evolved into \"fals\" in Arabic and was used for bronze coins issued by the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates. In Morocco, the term became \"falus,\" denoting a specific coin used in the region.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Molde_para_feluse_Marruecos_1871-1872_1024x1024.jpg?v=1691184788\" alt=\"\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\" data-mce-src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Molde_para_feluse_Marruecos_1871-1872_1024x1024.jpg?v=1691184788\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003eMold for casting Moroccan falus coins, made 1871 to 1872 CE\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":46026897522972,"sku":"EE-MOROCCO-FAL","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553809629468,"sku":"EE-MOROCCO-FAL-NO","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Moroccofalusinbox.jpg?v=1743105082"},{"product_id":"japanese-gold-collection-edo-to-meiji-era-1832-to-1869-edo-japan","title":"Japanese Gold Collection, Edo to Meiji Era - 1832 to 1869 - Edo Japan","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e This collection includes all three of the most prolific types of gold bar money used from the late Edo period to early Meiji era in Japan. It includes one of each of the following:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeiji Nibu-kin:\u003c\/strong\u003e This is the largest gold coin in the collection. The average gold purity was around 22%, though this varied from about 25% to 18% over the 10 month period that these coins were produced. The average weight is about 3 grams.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTenpo Nishu-kin:\u003c\/strong\u003e These are larger than Man'en Nishu-kin, but also less rare. The purity of the gold in these coins is approximately 29.8 percent, and the average weight is about 1.62 grams.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMan'en Nishu-kin:\u003c\/strong\u003e This is the smallest coin of the three, and also the rarest. The purity of the gold in these coins is approximately 22.9 percent, and the average weight is about 0.75 grams.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eNishu-kin and Nibu-kin were important forms of gold bar money in Japan during the Edo Period. As smaller denominations of gold currency, they offered a practical and accessible means of exchange for the population. Nishu-kin, valued at two shu (a shu being a unit of gold weight), and Nibu-kin, valued at two bu (another unit of gold weight), were used in various transactions alongside other gold and silver currencies of the time.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThese gold bar coins were carefully crafted with intricate designs and inscriptions, reflecting the rich artistic heritage of Japan. Their unique size, shape, and historical significance make Nishu-kin and Nibu-kin fascinating examples of the diverse and evolving world of Japanese currency during the Edo Period and early Meiji era.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":46137094635804,"sku":"COL-JP-GOLD","price":304.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553809531164,"sku":"COL-JP-GOLD-NO","price":289.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Japanesegoldcollectioninbox_86173feb-3824-4c1b-a93f-57686a00728f.jpg?v=1743105080"},{"product_id":"gold-meiji-era-nibu-kin-1868-to-1869-japan","title":"Gold Meiji Era Nibu-kin - 1868 to 1869 - Japan","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e Meiji Nibu-kin are a form of gold bar money used in Japan during the early Meiji era. \u003cspan\u003eThey were not struck with dates, but it is known that these coins were minted in 1868 and 1869. The average gold purity was around 22%, though this varied from about 25% to 18% over the 10 month period that these coins were produced.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNisshu-kin and Nibu-kin were important forms of gold bar money in Japan during the Edo Period. As smaller denominations of gold currency, they offered a practical and accessible means of exchange for the population. Nisshu-kin, valued at two shu (a shu being a unit of gold weight), and Nibu-kin, valued at two bu (another unit of gold weight), were used in various transactions alongside other gold and silver currencies of the time.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThese gold bar coins were carefully crafted with intricate designs and inscriptions, reflecting the rich artistic heritage of Japan. Their unique size, shape, and historical significance make Nishu-kin and Nibu-kin fascinating examples of the diverse and evolving world of Japanese currency during the Edo Period and early Meiji era.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":46137281478940,"sku":"EE-JP-MEIJI-NIBU","price":134.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553809400092,"sku":"EE-JP-MEIJI-NIBU-NO","price":119.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/13_67d0a3cd-cc33-45bd-bed7-cab9f8af4b7b_1.jpg?v=1743105078"},{"product_id":"ferdinand-ii-isabella-i-catholic-monarchs-maravedis-c-1522-to-1566-ce-spain","title":"Ferdinand II \u0026 Isabella I (Catholic Monarchs) Maravedis - c. 1522 to 1566 CE - Spain","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThere are two denominations of this coin available: 2 maravedis (about 25mm diameter) and 4 maravedis (about 30mm diameter).\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e These bronze maravedis coins, minted after the reigns of Ferdinand II and Isabella I but in their honor, serve as tangible reminders of Spain's pivot from a medieval kingdom to a global empire. Initiated in 1520, these coins bore the esteemed name of the Catholic Monarchs, a title conferred upon them by Pope Alexander VI in 1494.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eFerdinand and Isabella, who secretly wed as teenagers in 1469, sought to unify Spain under the banner of Catholicism. Their reign solidified the merging of Aragón and Castile houses, with Castile often overshadowing its partner due to its larger expanse. Despite this, both kingdoms retained their unique laws and customs. Aiming for religious homogeneity, the duo enacted strict policies, including the expulsion of the Jewish community.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eA key accomplishment under their reign was the conquest of the Kingdom of Granada in 1492, the final Muslim stronghold in Spain. This significant victory didn't just shape Spain's religious landscape; it also funded the voyage of Christopher Columbus. Through the Capitulation of Santa Fe, they awarded Columbus the esteemed title of Admiral of the Sea, granting him a sizeable share of the riches from his western voyages.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe maravedis coins stand testament to their legacy, notably their role in transitioning Spanish currency. Lauded for their consistent weight and minor silver content, the coins eventually replaced the previously favored ducat. Their undeniable quality solidified their place as an esteemed international currency, marking a transformative moment in Spanish and global financial history.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe obverse of these coins shows a castle surrounded by the legend \"FERNANDVS ET ELISABET D G,\" while the reverse shows a lion.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ 2 maravedis (about 25mm)","offer_id":46330755711260,"sku":"EE-SP-CATH-MAR-TWO","price":74.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ 4 maravedis (about 30mm)","offer_id":46331064647964,"sku":"EE-SP-CATH-MAR-FOUR","price":84.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ 2 maravedis (about 25mm)","offer_id":51553808941340,"sku":"EE-SP-CATH-MAR-TWO-NO","price":59.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ 4 maravedis (about 30mm)","offer_id":51553808974108,"sku":"EE-SP-CATH-MAR-FOUR-NO","price":69.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/catholicmonarchmaravedisinbox.jpg?v=1743105072"},{"product_id":"religious-medal-spanish-empire-1500s-to-1700s-spain","title":"Catholic Religious Medal, Spanish Inquisition Era - 1500s to 1700s - Spanish Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNote: Some of these medals still have an attached bail (the loop used to string a pendant), while others do not. If you intend to wear your medal on a chain, select \"Wearable: Yes\" in the item options above.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eThese bronze religious medals showcase figures from Catholicism, including Jesus, the Virgin Mary, angels, and numerous saints. They date from the late Renaissance in the 16th century to the end of the early modern period in the 18th century, which would have been in the middle of the \u003cstrong\u003eSpanish Inquisition\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eThe Spanish Inquisition (1478–1834) was a judicial institution officially established to combat heresy in Spain. However, its actual purpose extended beyond this religious mandate. In practice, the Spanish Inquisition was used as a tool to consolidate power in the monarchy of the newly unified Spanish kingdom, with religious motivations being a secondary concern.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eHistory of Catholic Religious Medals:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eAlso known as \"devotional medals,\" these religious items trace their roots to the ancient pre-Christian tradition of wearing amulets and talismans. These evolved into \u003cem\u003ejetons\u003c\/em\u003e in the Middle Ages, which were coin like tokens inscribed with religious designs. Devotional medals as they are known today first developed in the late 1300s, but only gained widespread popularity in the 1500s once large scale production made them accessible to the masses. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eThese medals were discovered in Spain, and the encrustations on several indicate they might have been buried. However, such medals were prevalent throughout Europe and their inscriptions are primarily in Latin, so pinpointing their exact nation of origin is challenging. They were not only popular in Spain but also widely circulated in neighboring countries like France and Italy as well.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll items include a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Small (12 - 17mm) \/ Yes - pendant can be strung","offer_id":47126444376348,"sku":"EE-SP-RLMD-SMA-PENDANT","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Small (12 - 17mm) \/ No - pendant cannot be strung","offer_id":47126444409116,"sku":"EE-SP-RLMD-SMA-MEDAL","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Medium (18 - 23mm) \/ Yes - pendant can be strung","offer_id":47126444441884,"sku":"EE-SP-RLMD-MED-PENDANT","price":59.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Medium (18 - 23mm) \/ No - pendant cannot be strung","offer_id":47126444474652,"sku":"EE-SP-RLMD-MED-MEDAL","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the relic and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Small (12 - 17mm) \/ Yes - pendant can be strung","offer_id":51553807663388,"sku":"EE-SP-RLMD-SMA-PENDANT-NO","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the relic and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Small (12 - 17mm) \/ No - pendant cannot be strung","offer_id":51553807696156,"sku":"EE-SP-RLMD-SMA-MEDAL-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the relic and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Medium (18 - 23mm) \/ Yes - pendant can be strung","offer_id":51553807728924,"sku":"EE-SP-RLMD-MED-PENDANT-NO","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the relic and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Medium (18 - 23mm) \/ No - pendant cannot be strung","offer_id":51553807761692,"sku":"EE-SP-RLMD-MED-MEDAL-NO","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/religiousmedalinbox.png?v=1743105046"},{"product_id":"tokugawa-shogunate-silver-mameita-gin-c-1700-to-1859-japan","title":"Tokugawa Shogunate Silver Mameita–Gin - c. 1700 to 1859 - Japan","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMameita-gin were small bean-shaped coins made from low purity silver, which played an essential role in Japan's currency during the Edo Period. Before the rectangular silver coins emerged in 1765, these charming Mameita-gin circulated alongside larger and heavier silver ingots known as Chogin. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThey were widely used for everyday transactions, making them an accessible and practical form of currency for people at the time. Even after the introduction of more standardized bar-shaped coins, Mameita-gin continued to be made until the mid-1800's.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThese historical coins display a variety of intricate designs and markings, revealing insights into their origins and purposes. Some of the Mameita-gin even bear the image of Daikokuten, a god that represented good fortune, indicating they might have been used as prizes or gifts. Their unique shape and rich history make Mameita-gin an intriguing and important part of Japan's numismatic past.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":47343168454940,"sku":"EE-JP-MAMEGIN","price":59.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the item and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553806811420,"sku":"EE-JP-MAMEGIN-NO","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Mameitagin.png?v=1743105029"},{"product_id":"mughal-empire-akbar-the-great-bronze-dam-1556-to-1605-ce-india","title":"Mughal Empire, Akbar the Great, Bronze Dam - 1556 to 1605 CE - India","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eThese thick bronze \"dam\" coins date back to India's \u003cstrong\u003eMughal Empire\u003c\/strong\u003e and were minted under \u003cstrong\u003eEmperor Akbar\u003c\/strong\u003e, sometimes better known as \u003cstrong\u003eAkbar\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e the Great (1556 - 1605 CE)\u003c\/strong\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003eBronze dams were worth 1\/40th of a silver \u003cstrong\u003erupee\u003c\/strong\u003e, the system of currency used in India at that time. They are widely regarded for their large size, with each measuring almost half an inch thick and weighing in about 20 grams. Each features inscriptions in \u003cstrong\u003ePersian\u003c\/strong\u003e, which was widespread in the Mughal Empire, and can show different combinations of the year, name of the emperor, city where the coin was minted, and religious messaging.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003eAkbar himself is one of the most well regarded emperors in the history of the Mughal Empire, and perhaps the entire Indian subcontinent. Ruling over a culturally diverse empire, Akbar strategically used diplomacy and religiously tolerant policies to win over the support of his non-Muslim subjects. Interestingly, Akbar also encouraged poets, authors, and other scholars, although he himself was illiterate. The Mughal Empire tripled in both size and wealth during this time, and a golden age began for Indo-Persian culture. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":47770413236508,"sku":"EE-IND-AKB-BRD","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553803895068,"sku":"EE-IND-AKB-BRD-NO","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/EE-IND-AKB-BRD.png?v=1743105006"},{"product_id":"india-delhi-sultanate-forced-currency-1325-to-1351-ce-india","title":"India, Delhi Sultanate, \"Forced Currency\" - 1325 to 1351 CE - India","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\" data-mce-style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eThese brass coins were struck under\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\" data-mce-style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e the \u003cstrong\u003eDelhi Sultanate\u003c\/strong\u003e, a late medieval Islamic empire in India. They are often known as \"forced currency\" due to the an edict issued by sultan \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\" data-mce-style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMuhammad bin Tughlaq\u003c\/strong\u003e, who attempted to force his citizens to use them in place of silver and gold coins—ending in disastrous results.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKnown as the \"Eccentric Prince\" or the \"Mad Sultan,\" Muhammad bin Tughluq was infamous for his cruelty and his bizarre and inconsistent policies. The sultan implemented severe punishments and heavy taxation, which was often difficult if not impossible to pay—for example, crops were taxed at a staggering 50%.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis came to a head in 1330, after the expansion of the Delhi Sultanate and a failed mission to Deogiri made the state treasury devoid of precious metals for currency. Muhammad bin Tughluq then issued these coins as a token currency—coins of brass or copper that were to be equal value to gold and silver coinage. This strategy proved a miserable failure as these base metals were available in everyday households and citizens forged counterfeits, causing the value of the currency to “be as worthless as stones.” People were unwilling to exchange their gold and silver coins for the token coinage, ultimately causing the Sultan to have to buy back both the real and counterfeit currency at great expense. This, along with a famine that followed, severely weakened his empire. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\" data-mce-style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eEach includes a \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\" data-mce-style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\" data-mce-style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":48033168425244,"sku":"MR-DELHI-FORCE","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553800683804,"sku":"MR-DELHI-FORCE-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Forcedcurrencyinbox.png?v=1743104993"},{"product_id":"napoleonic-wars-military-uniform-button-c-1800-to-1860-ce-spain-france","title":"Spain, Napoleonic to Carlist Wars, Military Button - c. 1800 to 1860 CE - Spain","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese Spanish military uniform buttons come from the early 19th century, from approximately the era of the Napoleonic Wars to the Carlist Wars. Most of the buttons are numbered to indicate the regiment of the soldier wearing them, a design that was used by the Spanish military until the 1860s.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpanish military buttons can be broadly divided into three categories: Royal Forces, which include a corona real (royal crown), regular forces, comprised of full-time units raised in Spain, and fixed provincial forces (tropos veteranas) which were primarily composed of inhabitants of a particular geographic region. The Spanish military only issued uniforms with metal buttons beginning in the late 1700s, and it would not be until 1791 that Spanish Peninsula infantry units were issued with designated marked buttons for all military forces.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMany of these buttons are from soldiers of the Napoleonic Wars, a series of conflicts from 1803 to 1815 that erupted after Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Spain. The war escalated as Spanish and Portuguese forces, supported by British troops, fought against the invading French armies. After the allied victory in the Battle of Vitoria in 1813, Bonapartist Spain collapsed. Ferdinand VII was restored as the King of Spain in December of 1813 and by April of the following year, with Napoleon exiled, the war ended.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDue to the unprecise dating of these buttons, some may also come from other Spanish conflicts such as the Carlist Wars, which saw battles between multiple factions with claims to the Spanish throne starting in the 1830s.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\" data-mce-style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eEach includes a \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\" data-mce-style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\" data-mce-style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Large (0.8 to 1.0 inches)","offer_id":48260273439004,"sku":"EE-NAP-WAR-BTN-SP-LG","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Medium (0.5 to 0.6 inches)","offer_id":48260248437020,"sku":"EE-NAP-WAR-BTN-SP-MD","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Large (0.8 to 1.0 inches)","offer_id":51553799045404,"sku":"EE-NAP-WAR-BTN-SP-LG-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Medium (0.5 to 0.6 inches)","offer_id":51553799078172,"sku":"EE-NAP-WAR-BTN-SP-MD-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Napwarsbuttoninbox.png?v=1743104986"},{"product_id":"ferdinand-ii-isabella-i-catholic-monarchs-blanca-1497-to-1566-ce-spain","title":"Spain, Ferdinand II \u0026 Isabella I, Blanca Coin - 1497 to 1566 CE - Voyages of Colombus","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e These coins were minted during and shortly after the reigns of \u003cstrong\u003eKing Ferdinand II of Castile\u003c\/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eQueen Isabella I of Argon\u003c\/strong\u003e, collectively known as the \u003cstrong\u003eCatholic Monarchs\u003c\/strong\u003e. Best remembered today as the sponsors of \u003cstrong\u003eChristopher Columbus\u003c\/strong\u003e and his voyage across the Atlantic in 1492, the marriage of the two monarchs unified Spain into one defacto kingdom, a move that would initiate its transformation into a global empire.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFerdinand and Isabella, who secretly wed as teenagers in 1469, sought to unify Spain under the banner of Catholicism. Their reign solidified the merging of Aragón and Castile houses, with Castile often overshadowing its partner due to its larger expanse. Despite this, both kingdoms retained their unique laws and customs. Aiming for religious homogeneity, the couple enacted strict and controversial policies, including the expulsion of the Jewish community.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe voyages of Christopher Columbus were actually funded in part by religious conquests as well. A key accomplishment under the Catholic Monarchs was the conquest of the Kingdom of Granada in 1492, the final Muslim stronghold in Spain. Through the Capitulation of Santa Fe, they awarded Columbus the esteemed title of Admiral of the Sea, granting him a sizeable share of the riches from his western voyages.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese coins are known as blancas in Spanish, or \"white coins.\" This is due to the small amount of silver they contain, which originally caused them to be white in color before oxidization. They feature the crowned \"Y\" monogram of Isabella I of Castile on the obverse side and the crowned \"F\" monogram of Ferdinand V of Aragon on the reverse.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":48507005894940,"sku":"EE-SP-CATH-BLANCA","price":54.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553797341468,"sku":"EE-SP-CATH-BLANCA-NO","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/FerdinandandIsabella_1.jpg?v=1743104979"},{"product_id":"russia-anna-to-ivan-iv-copper-denga-1730-to-1754-ce-russian-empire","title":"Russia, Anna to Ivan IV, Copper Denga - 1730 to 1754 CE - Russian Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese copper denga coins, equal to ½ kopek, were issued during the mid-18th century, a tumultuous time for Russian politics. They date between 1730 and 1754, covering the reigns of three rulers: Anna, Elizabeth, and the child emperor Ivan VI. Each coin features a double-headed Russian imperial eagle on the obverse, with \"ДЕНГА\" (DENGA) and the date on the reverse.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnna Ioannovna ruled the Duchy of Courland (now Western Latvia) from 1711 to 1730 before becoming Empress of Russia from 1730 to 1740. She was largely uninterested in political affairs, often deferring to her lover, Ernst Johann Biron, and her brutal advisors. In 1740, she ordered the construction of an elaborate ice palace and forced a disgraced court member to marry a Kamryk woman in a frozen wedding, an act that highlighted her cruelty and strained her relationship with the Russian people, who paid heavy taxes for her projects.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen Anna died without an heir, she left the throne to her sister’s grandson, Ivan VI, who was just two months old. Biron and later Ivan’s mother acted as regents, but their unpopularity led to a coup by Elizabeth Petrovna, daughter of Peter the Great. At five years old, Ivan VI was imprisoned and spent the next 20 years in solitary confinement before being killed by his jailers during a failed rescue attempt.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eElizabeth Petrovna became empress in 1741 and ruled until her death. She led Russia through the War of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years’ War. Despite the turmoil, Elizabeth was a popular monarch, known for not executing anyone during her reign and for promoting modernization, architecture, arts, and universities, ushering in an Age of Enlightenment in Russia.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":49047869128988,"sku":"EE-RUS-CU-DENGA","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553795178780,"sku":"EE-RUS-CU-DENGA-NO","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Russian_Copper_Denga_in_box.png?v=1743104960"},{"product_id":"india-mughal-empire-silver-rupee-c-1600-to-1750-ce-india","title":"India, Mughal Empire, Silver Rupee - c. 1600 to 1750 CE - India","description":"\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThese silver rupees are from various 17th and 18th century rulers of the Mughal Empire, an early modern Islamic empire in India. Both sides feature Arabic text, typically including the year, mint name, and the name of the current emperor.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe Mughal Empire was founded by Babur (reign 1526–1530), a Turko-Mongol descendent of Timur and Genghis Khan. It ruled the majority of Northern India between the early 16th and mid-18th century, and continued in a diminished capacity into the 19th century.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe empire was among the most wealthy and powerful of its time, and adopted and standardized the rupee. Mughal coins were minted with high purity, with silver content remaining above 96% until debasement began to occur in the early 1700s, which began the rapid decline of the Empire.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNotably, the Mughal Empire was known for its religious tolerance and cultural integration. They blended Persian, Indian and Islamic traditions, leading to the development of the Hindustani language, Maghlai cuisine, and the construction of architectural marvels such as the Taj Mahal, which combined Islamic and Hindu architectural styles. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":49655209394460,"sku":"EE-IND-MUG-RUPEE","price":54.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553792360732,"sku":"EE-IND-MUG-RUPEE-NO","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Mughal_rupees_in_box.jpg?v=1743104936"},{"product_id":"sweden-karl-xi-ore-silvermynt-1666-to-1686-ce-swedish-empire","title":"Sweden, King Karl XI, ⅙ Öre Silvermynt - 1666 to 1686 CE - Swedish Empire","description":"\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThese ⅙ Öre silvermynts were a small denomination coin minted between 1666 and 1686 under King Karl XI of Sweden. The obverse features a crown and griffin, and the reverse bears the marking “SM,” which stands for silvermynt—meaning that the given amount of copper in these coins corresponds to a given amount of silver.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe time in which these coins were minted was known as the \"Swedish Empire\" period, when the kingdom became a great European power that controlled much of modern day Norway, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, and more.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTherefore, ruling this vast empire would have been a lot to ask of a seven year old Karl XI, after his father died in 1660. H\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eis mother, Queen Hedvig Eleonora, would rule on behalf of the child as Queen Regent until he was 17 years old. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDuring his initial parliamentary appearances, a shy teenage Karl would address the court through his mother, whispering his questions in her ear and having her address the court directly. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHe was considered nearly illiterate and poorly educated at the time, although contemporary research suggests he may have suffered from dyslexia—a poorly understood disorder in that era. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKarl XI would grow into a ruler driven by a strong religious sense of duty, and was overall successful in his goals to reform and strengthen Sweden. He bolstered the kingdom's economy by reducing Sweden's reliance on foreign subsidies and managed to keep peace for much of his reign, despite nearly provoking war with Denmark in 1689. 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They were standardized with a circular shape and made from copper or bronze, featuring a square or circular hole in the center. This hole made them easy to string the coins together, typically in groups of a thousand, which facilitated trading large numbers of copper coinage instead of silver or gold.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOver time, cash coins became the primary currency in China and eventually spread to neighboring countries. While the shape remained consistent, there were variations in size and inscription depending on the ruling dynasty and the region where they were used. These coins played a vital role in the economy and trade across Asia for centuries, until they were gradually phased out in the early 20th century.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach collection includes copper coins from the following cultures and historical periods. All of the coins have Chinese inscriptions, as this was the standard across Asia at the time:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChina, Qing Dynasty, 18th to early 19th century\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJapan, Edo Period, Kan'ei Tsuho 1 mon coin, mid-17th to mid-19th century\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKorea, Great Joseon State, 1 mun coin, 18th to mid-19th century\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVietnam, Lê Dynasty, 17th to 18th century\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach collection comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":50292494631196,"sku":"COL-EE-ASIAN-COINS","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553790165276,"sku":"COL-EE-ASIAN-COINS-NO","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_2861_2-Photoroom.jpg?v=1743104918"},{"product_id":"french-revolution-king-louis-xvi-bronze-coins-1777-to-1799-france","title":"French Revolution, King Louis XVI, 2 Sols or 12 Deniers - 1791 to 1793 - France","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese late 18th century French coins circulated during the \u003cstrong\u003eFrench Revolution (1789 - 1799)\u003c\/strong\u003e, and were issued during the reign of \u003cstrong\u003eKing Louis XVI\u003c\/strong\u003e—shortly\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003ebefore his execution by guillotine in 1793. Each features a portrait of the king on the obverse side, and a wreath containing the denomination on the reverse.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs king, Louis XVI was often seen as uncapable and out of touch. Faced with a mounting national debt spurred by the cost of wars like the \u003cstrong\u003eAmerican Revolution\u003c\/strong\u003e, Louis made the problem worse by refusing to raise taxes on the nobility, taking out even more loans, and eventually letting France slip into economic catastrophe.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBut while his subjects starved outside the royal palace, Louis and his queen \u003cstrong\u003eMarie Antoinette\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003econtinued to enjoy a life of luxury. Tensions finally boiled over when the French people revolted in 1789, marking the beginning of a 10 year revolution that would see over \u003cstrong\u003e16,600 \u003c\/strong\u003epeople executed. Ultimately, neither the king nor queen would escape the wrath of their subjects—both were imprisoned and guillotined in 1793.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Louis XVI 12 Deniers (1791-1793)","offer_id":50982377586972,"sku":"EE-FR-REV-12DEN","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Louis XVI 2 Sols (1791-1793)","offer_id":50982377619740,"sku":"EE-FR-REV-2SOL","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Louis XVI 12 Deniers (1791-1793)","offer_id":51553786986780,"sku":"EE-FR-REV-12DEN-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Louis XVI 2 Sols (1791-1793)","offer_id":51553787019548,"sku":"EE-FR-REV-2SOL-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/French_rev_in_box.jpg?v=1743104891"},{"product_id":"russia-copper-polushka-anna-ivan-vi-or-elizabeth-1730-to-1754-ce-russian-empire-1","title":"Russia, Copper Polushka, Anna, Ivan VI, or Elizabeth - 1730 to 1754 CE - Russian Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003ePolushkas were first introduced by Peter the Great in 1700 and minted intermittently throughout the 18th century, including under Empress Anna Ioannovna, Ivan VI, and Empress Elizabeth. The coins featured a crowned double-headed eagle on the obverse, and the denomination and date in Cyrillic script on the reverse. Grained or patterned edges served as anti-counterfeiting measures.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1730s—a period of economic growth for the Russian Empire—the polushka, valued at about ¼ kopeck, played a key role in everyday transactions among the agrarian and peasant classes. Its low denomination helped integrate rural and urban economies, making commerce more accessible to the lower classes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRather than replacing silver coins outright, copper coinage was gradually introduced, helping preserve public trust. By the 1730s, copper made up around 8% of circulating cash. Silver remained dominant, ensuring monetary stability while small copper coins like the polushka made daily transactions simpler and supported the unification of Russia’s growing currency system.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e and has been professionally cleaned and conserved.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":51782493045020,"sku":"EE-RUS-POLUSH","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51782493077788,"sku":"EE-RUS-POLUSH-NO","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Russia_Polushka_in_box.jpg?v=1746216762"},{"product_id":"qing-dynasty-two-emperors-qianlong-daoguang-copper-cash-coins-1735-to-1850-ce-china","title":"Qing Dynasty, Two Emperors: Qianlong \u0026 Daoguang, Copper Cash Coins - 1735 to 1850 CE - China","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese copper \"cash\" coins date back to the Qing dynasty, the last imperial Chinese dynasty in history. They have inscriptions in both Chinese and Manchu script, which are outlined below. Each collection includes one coin from the Qianlong Emperor (inscribed with 乾隆通寶, minted 1735 to 1796) and the Daoguang Emperor (inscribed with 道光通寶, minted 1820 to 1850).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLasting almost three centuries, the Qing dynasty saw China grow to its greatest territorial extent after the annexation of Tibet, Xinjiang, and Mongolia. The Qing rulers weren't ethnically Chinese, however, but rather came from a group of people called the Manchu.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe coins in this listing were cast during the peak of the Qing dynasty, in the mid-1700's to the mid-1800's. During this period, China transformed into a thriving commercial empire and its population almost doubled. The decline of the Qing dynasty in the late 1800's culminated in its collapse in 1912 during the Xinhai Revolution, ending the two millennia long era of emperors ruling China.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e and has been professionally cleaned and conserved.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":51865089212700,"sku":"COL-EE-CHQING-TWO","price":27.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51865089278236,"sku":"COL-EE-CHQING-TWO-NO","price":12.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Qing_dynasty_two_coin_collection_in_box.jpg?v=1747433835"},{"product_id":"japan-nagasaki-trade-coin-genpo-tsuho-1659-to-1685-ce-edo-period","title":"Japan, Nagasaki Trade Coin, Genpō Tsūhō - 1659 to 1685 CE - Edo Japan","description":"\u003cp\u003eNagasaki trade coins, also known as Nagasaki export coins, were a series of Japanese copper 1 mon coins cast exclusively for use with foreign trading partners during the Tokugawa shogunate from 1659 to 1685.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese coins come from an isolationist period in Japanese history, when the nation was under a policy called \u003cem\u003esakoku\u003c\/em\u003e (\"chained country\"). However, the policy did not end all foreign trade—the city of Nagasaki, where these coins were made, still managed to flourish as Japan's primary trading port. The coins were mostly exported to Vietnam and other Southeast Asian regions, and Nagasaki trade coins even became a de facto currency in many places due to declines in local coin production.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEven with its isolationist policies, Nagasaki trade coins show the impact Japan had across southeast Asia, both economically and culturally. Coins production was driven by a high demand for copper in Southeast Asia and Vietnam in particular, where copper had become scarce due to its use in weaponry during the Trinh-Nguyễn War, and they were often melted down in northern Vietnam for utensils. Japanese merchants exploited a ban on gold and silver exports by the Qing dynasty as well, by using these coins for silk and other goods. Nagasaki trade coins would even travel to Europe via the Dutch East India Company.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese coins are inscribed with 元豐通寶, which are Chinese characters copied from coins of the Song Dynasty. However, they are distinguishable from their Chinese counterparts by the use of different typefaces.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":52064072499484,"sku":"EE-JP-EDO-NGTR","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":52064072532252,"sku":"EE-JP-EDO-NGTR-NO","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Nagasaki_trade_in_box.jpg?v=1749850128"}],"url":"https:\/\/www.historyhoard.com\/collections\/renaissance-and-exploration-regular-stock.oembed?page=2","provider":"History Hoard","version":"1.0","type":"link"}