{"title":"Modern World History","description":"","products":[{"product_id":"queen-victoria-penny-1837","title":"Queen Victoria Penny - 1837 - United Kingdom","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQueen Victoria\u003c\/strong\u003e was a monarch that defined the 19th century—so much so that the years of her reign became known as the \u003cstrong\u003eVictorian Age. \u003c\/strong\u003eThese pennies depict the queen throughout different stages of her life, with later strikes depicting an older veiled portrait. The different portrait types are visible on the \u003cstrong\u003ethird image\u003c\/strong\u003e above, and a random variant will be sent with each order.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Victorian Age was a prosperous dystopia. While an expanding middle class of British citizens thrived as technology and culture flourished, the lower classes toiled under the shadow of the \u003cstrong\u003eIndustrial Revolution\u003c\/strong\u003e. Cities saw rapid expansions and both political and social reform were on the rise, but the era was also plagued by regimented factory life and child labor. Overall, the age was a double edged sword of gleaming progress and destitute poverty.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese copper pennies were struck between \u003cstrong\u003e1833 and 1901 (the years of Victoria's reign)\u003c\/strong\u003e. Each is guaranteed genuine and comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"m\" style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" height=\"2048x2048\" width=\"2048x2048\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Queen_Victoria_2048x2048.jpg?v=1605567886\" alt=\"Queen Victoria, young and old\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"d\" style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" height=\"2048x2048\" width=\"2048x2048\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Queen_Victoria_2048x2048.jpg?v=1605567886\" alt=\"Queen Victoria, young and old\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eVictoria as a princess in 1833 (13 years old), and again as queen in 1882 (69 years old).\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32906816061487,"sku":"MD-ENG-VICT","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553827815708,"sku":"MD-ENG-VICT-NO","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/VictoriaPenny.jpg?v=1743105331"},{"product_id":"soviet-union-death-sentence-coins-1920s","title":"Soviet \"Death Sentence\" Coins - 1920's - Soviet Union","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003eThese 20 kopeck coins, dated \u003cstrong\u003e1923 to 1931\u003c\/strong\u003e, are among the last silver coins ever issued for general circulation by the \u003cstrong\u003eSoviet Union\u003c\/strong\u003e. They earned the grisly nickname of \u003cstrong\u003e\"death sentence\"\u003c\/strong\u003e coins due to executions ordered by \u003cstrong\u003eJoseph Stalin \u003c\/strong\u003ethat targeted Soviet workers in the financial sector, who had failed to take all silver coins out of circulation.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003eThe historical documentation for these \"death sentences\" comes from letters written from Stalin to \u003cstrong\u003eVyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov\u003c\/strong\u003e, one of his closest supporters. Due to silver shortages and economic turmoil, Stalin had ordered the confiscation of all silver coins in order to melt them down and issue base metal replacements. However, collection efforts did not go to plan as the Russian people continued to hoard these more valuable silver coins.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003eClearly frustrated that the \"results of the battle against the coin shortage [were] almost nonexistent,\" Stalin ordered a \u003cstrong\u003epurge of the finance ministry and central bank\u003c\/strong\u003e, and to \"\u003cstrong\u003edefinitely shoot two or three dozen wreckers\u003c\/strong\u003e from these apparaty, including several dozen common cashiers.\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003eDespite Stalin's ruthless attempts to force the collection of these coins, many still survive to the present day. Now, anyone can own these amazing pieces of modern history!\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource: \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eKosheleva, L., et al. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eStalin's Letters to Molotov, 1925-1936\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e. Edited by Lars T. Lih et al., Yale University Press, 1995. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eJSTOR\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e, www.jstor.org\/stable\/j.ctt1bhkp8p. Accessed 23 July 2021.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca id=\"faq-btn\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":39979821367343,"sku":"MD-USSR-DSENT","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553824342300,"sku":"MD-USSR-DSENT-NO","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/20kopeck.jpg?v=1743105271"},{"product_id":"ajax-12-coat-button-spy-camera-soviet-kgb-design-4-1995","title":"Ajax–12 \"Coat Button\" Spy Camera (#4) - 1995 - Soviet\/KGB Design","description":"\u003ch2\u003eVideo of this item:\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/WqU1u_8LIk4\" title=\"YouTube video player\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/iframe\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground Info:\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is an original, fully functioning Ajax-12 (or F-21) subminiature camera and \"coat button\" disguise, produced by Krasnogorski Mekhanicheskii Zavod (KMZ) for the Russian government from 1951 until 1995.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Ajax-12 was an incredibly versatile camera that was used by the KGB (the Soviet equivalent to the CIA) and other Warsaw Pact nations for covert photography. Its small size meant that it was easy to conceal within everyday objects, including umbrellas, handbags, a pack of cigarettes, and most famously under one's coat.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003eThe \"coat button\" apparatus shown here was used to accomplish this. The camera would be carefully positioned to shoot from behind the button holes, and was activated with a remote shutter switch hidden in the operative's coat pocket. Often the center of the button was split and would act as a pair of shutters, opening up when a photo was taken.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003eFor a detailed Ajax-12 spec sheet, check out Crypto Museum:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.cryptomuseum.com\/covert\/camera\/f21\/index.htm%20\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003ewww.cryptomuseum.com\/covert\/camera\/f21\/index.htm \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"_04xlpA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\" mce-data-marked=\"1\"\u003eA Certificate of Authenticity accompanies this item.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"_04xlpA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\" mce-data-marked=\"1\"\u003eUsing the camera:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"_04xlpA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\" mce-data-marked=\"1\"\u003eThe Ajax-12 was originally designed to use 21mm unperforated film, which is unfortunately very hard to come by today. However, usable film can be obtained by either cutting down standard 35mm film or purchasing unperforated 16mm film! Though a small portion of the image will be lost with a smaller film size, we find it to be the easiest option. 16mm film is available from the Film Photography Project here:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"_04xlpA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/filmphotographystore.com\/collections\/minolta-16-subminiature-film\/products\/minolta-16-fpp-x2-bw-negative-25-ft-16mm-no-perf\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\" mce-data-marked=\"1\"\u003ewww.filmphotographystore.com\/collections\/minolta-16-subminiature-film\/products\/minolta-16-fpp-x2-bw-negative-25-ft-16mm-no-perf\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"_04xlpA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\" mce-data-marked=\"1\"\u003eBe aware that finding a service to develop 16mm film may also be tricky, and again it may be easier to do it yourself. The link above contains information on how to do this as well!\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"_04xlpA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\" mce-data-marked=\"1\"\u003eBelow are a few images that we shot and developed using the Ajax-12. Don't mind the poor resolution, unfortunately we aren't the best at developing and scanning film!\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"1024x1024\" width=\"1024x1024\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Ajax_Camera_1_1024x1024.jpg?v=1630607908\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch2 class=\"_04xlpA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\" mce-data-marked=\"1\"\u003eItem Details:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThis camera is fully functional, and has been restored using parts obtained at auction from the former collection of the KGB Espionage Museum!\u003c\/strong\u003e We obtained these Ajax-12 cameras from a camera collector in Russia, and restored each button shutter apparatus to its original condition.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe camera in this listing bears the serial number T950460, meaning that it was manufactured in 1995. This would have been shortly after the Soviet Union fell, and perhaps it may have been intended to be used by the KGB's successors. \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":40038848692271,"sku":"SPECIAL-AJAX4","price":650.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/1_5a49ca63-0b4f-4475-be17-c4a314143256.jpg?v=1630617451"},{"product_id":"ottoman-empire-mahmud-ii-1832-to-1838-ce-eastern-mediterranean","title":"Ottoman Empire, Mahmud II - 1832 to 1838 CE - Istanbul, Turkey","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e These coins of the \u003cstrong\u003eOttoman Empire\u003c\/strong\u003e were struck in modern day \u003cstrong\u003eIstanbul, Turkey\u003c\/strong\u003e during the early 19th century under the sultan \u003cstrong\u003eMahmud II\u003c\/strong\u003e. Though most of them have a copper like color, the coins were actually made from silver with a low purity level.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 1800's were a time of decline for the Ottomans and other \"gunpowder empires\" of the Middle East and India. Western Europe modernized more quickly during the Industrial Revolution, which gave them the upper hand technologically. The Ottoman Empire faced economic challenges as well, due to trade competition from India and the Americas. As a result, the empire was picked apart piece by piece until eventually falling in 1922 after an impressive 623 year run.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe obverse of these coins show Mahmud II's \u003cstrong\u003etughra\u003c\/strong\u003e, which is similar to an official seal or signature. The reverse shows the value (\u003cstrong\u003e20 para\u003c\/strong\u003e) as well as the date of production on the Islamic calendar.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach of these coins has been thoroughly inspected for authenticity by an \u003cstrong\u003eANA Certified\u003c\/strong\u003e numismatist.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Territorial_changes_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_1829_1024x1024.jpg?v=1651273479\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":40844533137455,"sku":"MD-OTTO-MAHMUD2","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553818640668,"sku":"MD-OTTO-MAHMUD2-NO","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/OttomaMahmudII.jpg?v=1743105222"},{"product_id":"soviet-union-space-race-pin-1955-to-1975-ussr","title":"Soviet Space Race Pin - 1955 to 1975 - Soviet Union","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eYou will receive a random Soviet pin from the Space Race era.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003eThese lapel pins (known as \u003cem\u003eznachki\u003c\/em\u003e in Russian) were issued in the Soviet Union to commemorate important milestones in the \u003cstrong\u003eSpace Race (1955 - 1975)\u003c\/strong\u003e, a period of intense competition in spaceflight between the USSR and the United States. Most of these pins pertain to a specific program or mission, though some celebrate Soviet spaceflight as a whole.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach purchase will include a \u003cb\u003erandom Soviet era pin commemorating a milestone of the Space Race\u003c\/b\u003e. Many different varieties exist, and we have more types than just the ones shown in the photos! If you buy multiple, we will do our best to ensure that you do not receive a duplicate.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThough Russian \u003cem\u003eznachki\u003c\/em\u003e pins have a long history dating back to the 1700's, they became a true cultural icon during the Soviet era. While they were sometimes used as simple propaganda, thousands of different designs were produced during the 20th century celebrating topics like sports, culture, factories, agriculture, and of course space. The intricate and colorful designs made them highly sought after collectors items in their day, with many Soviet hobbyists trying to collect complete sets.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":41214559453231,"sku":"MD-USSR-SPACEPIN","price":23.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the pin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553816936732,"sku":"MD-USSR-SPACEPIN-NO","price":8.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Spaceracepin.jpg?v=1743105193"},{"product_id":"land-bank-of-egypt-stock-certificate-1905-alexandria-egypt","title":"Land Bank of Egypt Stock Certificate - 1905 - Alexandria, Egypt","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003eThese stock certificates were issued by the \u003cstrong\u003eLand Bank of Egypt\u003c\/strong\u003e, a major banking institution founded in Cairo in 1904. The certificates are hand signed and feature a sheet of dividend coupons pasted to the bottom. Notably, the document is translated into three different languages: \u003cstrong\u003eFrench, Arabic, \u003c\/strong\u003eand \u003cstrong\u003eEnglish\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eScramble for Africa\u003c\/strong\u003e was the historical event responsible for these multilingual stock certificates, fitting into the broader wave of \u003cstrong\u003eNew Imperialism\u003c\/strong\u003e seen in the late 1800's. During this time, European claims in Africa jumped from covering around 10 percent of the African continent to a staggering 90 percent. This was largely a consequence of \u003cstrong\u003eindustrialization\u003c\/strong\u003e, which caused European nations to expand their borders in search of raw materials and cheap labor.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThough Egypt was technically controlled by the \u003cstrong\u003eOttoman Empire \u003c\/strong\u003ein 1905, the \u003cstrong\u003eBritish Empire\u003c\/strong\u003e was the de facto ruler of Egypt through forceful military occupation from 1882 to 1956. The \u003cstrong\u003eFrench\u003c\/strong\u003e also had a role in securing European control of Egypt, as they had been instrumental in building the \u003cstrong\u003eSuez Canal\u003c\/strong\u003e in 1869. As a result these two colonial powers had immense influence in Egypt, leading to many official documents like stock certificates being written in French or English. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eThe total size of each certificate is approximately \u003cstrong\u003e17 by 18 inches\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":41353474637871,"sku":"MD-STOCK-BKEGYPT","price":18.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/PXL_20221007_194828679.png?v=1743105184"},{"product_id":"leper-colony-coin-colombia-5-centavos-1921-south-america","title":"Leper Colony Coin, Colombia, 5 Centavos - 1921 - South America","description":"\u003cp\u003eIn the 1920s, special coins were minted specifically for use in three leper colonies run by the Colombian government, which were known as \"lazarettos.\" Due to widespread misconceptions about leprosy, many believed it could be transmitted through money, and these coins were a way of protecting the general population from infection. In truth, leprosy requires prolonged exposure to an infected individual to contract.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBeyond health concerns though, there were strategic reasons for this distinct currency. For one, it curtailed inmates' ability to buy contraband like rum from the black market. Furthermore, by using currency that had no value outside these colonies, the government further isolated patients and made escape less appealing.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThough these lazarettos purportedly provided medical care, the treatment was harsh. Inhabitants were no longer seen as Colombian citizens but merely as residents of these colonies. By the 1950s, these leprosariums closed, and patients could exchange their unique coins for regular Colombian currency at banks.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese five centavo coins are composed of copper-nickel, and circulated within the lazarettos. \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003eTo be clear, there is \u003cstrong\u003eno risk\u003c\/strong\u003e of disease from touching them today!\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll items include a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":47079314850076,"sku":"MD-CO-LEPER","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553807892764,"sku":"MD-CO-LEPER-NO","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Lepercolonyinboxblackbg.jpg?v=1743105050"},{"product_id":"german-east-africa-wwi-colonial-coinage-c-1904-to-1916-ce-scramble-for-africa","title":"German East Africa, WWI Colonial Coinage - 1904 to 1916 - Scramble for Africa","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese coins come from German East Africa, a colonial state that was mostly located in modern day Tanzania. Established in the late 19th century, the colony was a product of the \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eScramble for Africa\u003c\/strong\u003e, a period lasting roughly from 1885 to 1914 that saw the invasion and division of Africa by European powers. Dubious treaties were supposedly formed with locals, which were considered valid by Kaiser Wilhelm II who then established a German protectorate of the region.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe larger 20 heller coins were resourcefully made from \u003cstrong\u003espent artillery shell casings\u003c\/strong\u003e during World War I, as a British occupation of the territory had exacerbated a coin shortage. An auxiliary coin mint was established in the city of Tabora, Tanzania, using parts from a dismantled German cruiser ship, and the coins minted here are known as \u003cstrong\u003eTabora Emergency Coinage\u003c\/strong\u003e. In contrast, the smaller 1 heller coins were struck in Berlin or Hamburg in the years leading up to the war. Both types show the German imperial crown as well as \"Deutsch Ostafrka\" or \"DOA,\" the German name of the territory.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Germaneastafricaimage_1024x1024.png?v=1706910683\" alt=\"\" style=\"float: none;\" data-mce-style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eAn askari company in German East Africa during World War I. Top left: a map showing the borders of German East Africa (Sources: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3056,_Deutsch-Ostafrika,_Askarikompanie.jpg\"\u003eImage\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:German_East_Africa_1914.svg\"\u003emap\u003c\/a\u003e)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGerman East Africa also had a substantial role in World War I, due to the heavy European presence in the African continent at the time. Local soldiers known as \u003cem\u003easkari\u003c\/em\u003e served in the German army, with many battles being fought in the region. Notably, German East Africa saw the last fighting of World War I, as the territory was isolated enough from Germany that news of the November 11th, 1918 armistice did not reach them until a few days later, with German East Africa's official surrender taking place on November 25th.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":47719215399196,"sku":"COL-MD-GRM-E-AFR","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553805304092,"sku":"COL-MD-GRM-E-AFR-NO","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/GermanEastAfricabookshelfbg.png?v=1743105013"},{"product_id":"russia-tsar-nicholas-ii-2-kopeck-1894-to-1917-russian-empire","title":"Russia, Tsar Nicholas II, 2 Kopeck - 1894 to 1917 - Russian Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese 2 kopeck coins were struck under Tsar Nicholas II, the last emperor of Russia who was infamously executed by Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution. The coins are highly detailed and most feature the state emblem of the Russian Empire: a double headed eagle.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBorn into the 300 year old House of Romanov, Nicholas is generally remembered by historians as a well-meaning but poor ruler who was unable to handle the challenges of the early 20th century. He believed that his decisions were literally the will of God, and took a heavy handed approach in governing. This backfired when Russia was defeated in the Russo-Japanese War and World War I, leaving Nicholas to take the brunt of the blame,\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNicholas's popularity plummeted until he was forced to abdicate the throne in 1917. Disgraced and imprisoned, he met his end when the entire royal family was executed by the Soviet government in 1918 and thrown into an unmarked grave. The executioners took great care to make the bodies unidentifiable, even using grenades to mangle the remains, and it was not until 1979 that the burial site of the royal family was found by an amateur archaeologist. On July 17th, 1998, eighty years after the brutal execution, the tsar and his family were given an official state funeral. In a controversial move, Nicholas II and his immediate family were also canonized as saints in the Russian Orthodox Church.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":48693150155036,"sku":"MD-RUS-NICOII-TWO-KP","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553796194588,"sku":"MD-RUS-NICOII-TWO-KP-NO","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/tsarnicholasII2kinbox.png?v=1743104969"},{"product_id":"soviet-union-silver-poltinnik-coins-with-propaganda-1924-to-1927-soviet-union-ussr","title":"Soviet Union, Silver Poltinnik, Coins With Propaganda - 1924 to 1927 - Soviet Union (USSR)","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese 90% silver poltinnik coins feature striking imagery in line with the Soviet Union’s complex and widespread practices of propagandism. The obverse side features the USSR state emblem, composed of a hammer and sickle on a globe resting on the rays of the sun, framed by ears of wheat, with a star featured on the top.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe reverse side of the coin displays a blacksmith, hard at work, striking an anvil – an ideal figure of the New Soviet Man. Conceptually, the New Soviet Man was an archetype created to embody all of the desired qualities of a citizen of the Soviet Union. He was expected to be hard working, disciplined, selfless and collectivist, and ethnically Soviet, as opposed to ethnically or culturally a member of any of the states making up the USSR.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ideology of art as propaganda, with realism being a reference to an ideal, took hold after the Russian Revolution and during Lenin’s rise to power. Lenin saw art as functional, meant to inspire and model socialist ideals. Stalin expanded on this belief, but moved in the direction of art as agitation, meant to deliberately influence and promote the ideas of communism. These coins were minted during Stalin’s rise to power following Lenin’s death in 1924, and highlight the use of the New Man and the use of art as propaganda to re-inforce state approved narratives of the Soviet Identity and legitimizing Stalin as leader of the Communist party.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":49256446099740,"sku":"MD-USSR-POLTNK","price":64.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553794097436,"sku":"MD-USSR-POLTNK-NO","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Soviet_Poltinnik.png?v=1743104953"},{"product_id":"russia-two-kopeck-coin-tsar-alexander-i-or-nicholas-i-1810-to-1830-ce-russian-empire","title":"Russia, Two Kopeck Coin, Tsar Alexander I or Nicholas I - 1810 to 1830 CE - Russian Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese Russian 2 kopeck coins began circulation in 1810, shortly before Napoleon’s ill-fated invasion of Russia during the Napoleonic Wars. They feature a double headed eagle on the obverse, a symbol of the imperial court, and \"2 KOPECKS\" written in Cyrillic script on the reverse.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1812, around the time when these coins were struck, Napoleon Bonaparte famously invaded Russia as part of the Napoleonic Wars. While both armies were well prepared, France's Grand Armée was fighting far from home in a vaguely defined political war. Meanwhile, the Russian forces were fighting on behalf of their homeland, on their own soil, with a unified sense of national survival.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Russians drew Napoleon’s forces deeper into Russia without ever engaging in a decisive battle, and eventually the harsh Russian winter forced them to retreat and incurred brutal losses—only about 1 in 6 of Napoleon's troops survived being sent over Russian borders. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRussia would go on to join the Sixth Coalition against France in 1813, and played a critical role in Napoleon’s eventual defeat. In 1814, Russia, along with allied armies entered Paris, marking the end of Napoleon’s empire. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":49541775327516,"sku":"MD-RUS-ALXNIC-2K","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553792819484,"sku":"MD-RUS-ALXNIC-2K-NO","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Russian_two_kopecks_in_box.png?v=1743104941"},{"product_id":"magic-lantern-slides-three-per-purchase-late-1800s-victorian-era","title":"Magic Lantern Slides, Three Per Purchase - Late 1800s - Victorian Era","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach purchase is for THREE random slides of a similar quality to the selection shown. The optional projector is a simple wooden box that can project the images on the lenses at a short distance, similar to an original magic lantern.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese slides were used by magic lanterns, an early type of image projector invented in the 17th century. It used a light source, often an oil lamp or candle, to project images painted on glass slides onto a wall or screen. The slides could be static scenes or include moving parts, making it possible to simulate motion or even create illusions. Magic lanterns became popular for entertainment, education, and scientific demonstrations, especially in the 18th and 19th centuries, serving as a precursor to modern-day projectors and cinema.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThey also have a rich history when it comes to ghost stories, particularly through the Phantasmagoria shows of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. These performances utilized projected images of ghosts, demons, and other supernatural figures to create an immersive and terrifying experience for audiences.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSlides vary in size, but measure about 4 - 6 inches long and 1 - 2 inches wide.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"No - just the 3 slides ($19.99)","offer_id":50545367515420,"sku":"MD-MLANT-SLIDES-NO","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Yes - include a projector and 3 slides ($34.99)","offer_id":50545367548188,"sku":"MD-MLANT-SLIDES-PROJ","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_3488-Photoroom.jpg?v=1743104905"},{"product_id":"queen-victoria-empress-of-india-pice-coin-1885-to-1901-ce-british-india","title":"Queen Victoria, Empress of India, ½ Pice Coin - 1862 to 1901 CE - British India","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese copper coins were minted under Queen Victoria during the British Raj, an 89 year period in which the United Kingdom controlled the Indian subcontinent.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough India had already been ruled by the British Crown since 1858, the title of \"Empress of India\" was bestowed upon Queen Victoria in 1876. Though it was mostly ceremonial in nature, it was meant to increase the acceptance of the British monarchy as the official head of state. Indian royals and politicians were made to swear their allegiance to the crown, and portraits of the reigning monarch were placed into government buildings, train stations, and other official areas.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite being named \"Empress\" of the nation, Queen Victoria never visited India herself. However, she was known to have taken a personal interest in Indian culture. Many of her dinner menus featured Indian cuisine, and she even learned enough Hindi to write some diary entries in the language.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFollowing the death of Victoria in 1901, the title would be adapted to \"Emperor of India\" for the kings that succeeded her. The title continued to be used until it was abolished by the Indian Independence Act of 1947.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMinted in Calcutta with a face value of ½ pice, the obverse design of these coins features the crowned bust of Victoria surrounded by the legend \"VICTORIA EMPRESS\" or \"VICTORIA QUEEN.\" The reverse shows the denomination, country, and date, surrounded by an ornate border of intertwined leaves.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":50697242214684,"sku":"MD-BRIT-IND-VIC","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553788002588,"sku":"MD-BRIT-IND-VIC-NO","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/British_india_victoria_0a9b787f-e10a-4df7-9d92-e71e08ecf8ea.jpg?v=1743104899"},{"product_id":"mexican-revolution-state-of-oaxaca-provisional-government-copper-coin-1915-mexico","title":"Mexican Revolution, State of Oaxaca, Provisional Currency - 1915 - Mexico","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese copper coins were issued by the provisional government during the Mexican Revolution, in order to address currency shortages caused by the war. The obverse side shows Benito Juarez, Mexico's first indigenous president, with the legend reading \"ESTADO L. Y S. DE OAXACA\" (Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca). The reverse shows the denomination and the legend \"MONEDA PROVISIONAL\" (Provisional Currency).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Mexican Revolution began on November 20, 1910, fueled by widespread dissatisfaction with the policies of President Porfirio Diaz, who favored wealthy elites at the expense of the working and rural poor. His regime's oppressive tactics led to his ousting by Francisco Madero, whose weak leadership eventually paved the way for a civil war led by Venustiano Carranza in 1914.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmidst this chaos, which lasted until 1920 and resulted in about a million casualties, there was a severe shortage of official currency. To address this, the provisional government issued necessity pieces, including copper 10 centavos coins featuring Benito Juarez, Mexico’s first indigenous president. Juarez's image on these coins symbolized a return to the people's rights and a stark contrast to the oppressive regimes that followed him. Officially, the revolution ended with the creation of the 1917 Constitution, although skirmishes continued into the next decade.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ 10 Centavos","offer_id":51350378807580,"sku":"MD-MEX-REV-10-TEN","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ 20 Centavos","offer_id":51350377300252,"sku":"MD-MEX-REV-20-TWY","price":59.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ 10 Centavos","offer_id":51553784725788,"sku":"MD-MEX-REV-10-TEN-NO","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ 20 Centavos","offer_id":51553784758556,"sku":"MD-MEX-REV-20-TWY-NO","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Mexican_rev_in_box.jpg?v=1743104874"},{"product_id":"british-india-queen-victoria-silver-rupee-186-to-1876-ce-british-empire","title":"British India, Queen Victoria, Silver Rupee - 1862 to 1876 CE - British Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese silver coins, worth one rupee, were minted under Queen Victoria during the British Raj, an 89 year period in which the United Kingdom controlled the Indian subcontinent.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough India had already been ruled by the British Crown since 1858, the title of \"Empress of India\" was bestowed upon Queen Victoria in 1876. Though it was mostly ceremonial in nature, it was meant to increase the acceptance of the British monarchy as the official head of state. Indian royals and politicians were made to swear their allegiance to the crown, and portraits of the reigning monarch were placed into government buildings, train stations, and other official areas.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite being named \"Empress\" of the nation, Queen Victoria never visited India herself. However, she was known to have taken a personal interest in Indian culture. Many of her dinner menus featured Indian cuisine, and she even learned enough Hindi to write some diary entries in the language.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFollowing the death of Victoria in 1901, the title would be adapted to \"Emperor of India\" for the kings that succeeded her. The title continued to be used until it was abolished by the Indian Independence Act of 1947.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e and has been professionally cleaned and conserved.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":51614273208604,"sku":"MD-VICT-RUPEE","price":89.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51614273241372,"sku":"MD-VICT-RUPEE-NO","price":74.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/victoriarupeeinbox.jpg?v=1743807697"},{"product_id":"mexico-caballito-1-silver-peso-liberty-on-horseback-1911-mexico-porfiriato-period-or4d","title":"Mexico, \"Caballito\" 1 Silver Peso, Liberty on Horseback - 1911 - Mexico (Porfiriato Period)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Mexico, Porfiriato Period\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Porfirio Díaz\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 1911\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e 1 Peso (silver)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e Mexico City\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 39 mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e Eagle with open wings exposing chest, eating a snake with head turned right, standing on a cactus growing out of a rock in the middle of a lake. With lettering around it and denomination at the base of the cactus. And at bottom semi-circle a laurel and olive branches tied together. Emblem used during Porfirio Diaz dictatorship, colloquially known as \"Porfirian Eagle\".\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e Liberty riding a horse. On her right hand an oak branch and on her left a flaming torch, with the sun rising on the horizon.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eNotes:\u003c\/b\u003e The Porfiriato era is a term given to the period of General Porfirio Díaz’s authoritarian military rule over Mexico, which spanned the late 1800s and early 1900s. The Mexican Revolution began near the end of Diaz's reign on November 20, 1910, fueled by widespread dissatisfaction with his policies that favored wealthy elites at the expense of the working and rural poor. These peso coins were commemorating the 100th anniversary of the \"Cry of Dolores,\" when Catholic priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla rang his church bell and issued a call to arms that marked the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence in 1810.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":51810405155100,"sku":"S-CNMT-AUCT-MAY-SEVEN-25-OR-4-D","price":324.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_9151-Photoroom.jpg?v=1749672788"},{"product_id":"mexican-revolution-state-of-oaxaca-provisional-currency-1-silver-peso-1915-mexican-revolution-or5e","title":"Mexican Revolution, State of Oaxaca, Provisional Currency, 1 Silver Peso - 1915 - Mexican Revolution","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Mexican Revolution\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e State of Oaxaca\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 1915\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e 1 Peso (silver)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 25 mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e ESTADO L. Y S. DE OAXACA - Bust of Benito Juarez with heavy unfinished truncation. Date below within two stars\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e MONEDA PROVISIONAL UN PESO - Value above wreath.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eNotes:\u003c\/b\u003e These coins were issued by the provisional government during the Mexican Revolution, in order to address currency shortages caused by the war. The Mexican Revolution began on November 20, 1910, fueled by widespread dissatisfaction with the policies of President Porfirio Diaz, who favored wealthy elites at the expense of the working and rural poor. The portrait of Benito Juarez, Mexico’s first indigenous president, symbolized a return to the people's rights and a stark contrast to the oppressive regimes that followed him.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":51810405318940,"sku":"CNMT-AUCT-MAY-SEVEN-25-OR-5-E","price":119.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_9090-Photoroom.jpg?v=1749672787"},{"product_id":"mexican-war-for-independence-insurgent-coinage-copper-8-reales-1813-mexico-or10j","title":"Mexican War for Independence, Insurgent Coinage, Copper 8 Reales  - 1813 - Mexico","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Mexican War of Independence\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e State of Oaxaca\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 1813\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e 8 Reales (copper)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 35 mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e Bow and arrow with SUD underneath.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e Morelos' monogram, value (8R) and date.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eNotes:\u003c\/b\u003e These coins were issued by insurgent forces during the Mexican War of Independence in the early 1800s. Rather than a unified movement, it consisted of various local and regional conflicts happening around the same time, collectively resembling a revolutionary civil war against Spain.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":51810406400284,"sku":"CNMT-AUCT-MAY-SEVEN-25-OR-10-J","price":136.5,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_9102-Photoroom.jpg?v=1749672781"},{"product_id":"mexican-war-for-independence-insurgent-coinage-copper-2-reales-1812-mexico-or13m","title":"Mexican War for Independence, Insurgent Coinage, Copper 2 Reales  - 1812 - Mexico","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Mexican War of Independence\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e State of Oaxaca\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 1812\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e 2 Reales (copper)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 24 mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e Bow and arrow with SUD underneath.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e Morelos' monogram, value (2R) and date.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eNotes:\u003c\/b\u003e These coins were issued by insurgent forces during the Mexican War of Independence in the early 1800s. Rather than a unified movement, it consisted of various local and regional conflicts happening around the same time, collectively resembling a revolutionary civil war against Spain.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":51810407022876,"sku":"CNMT-AUCT-MAY-SEVEN-25-OR-13-M","price":121.5,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_9107-Photoroom.jpg?v=1749672779"},{"product_id":"china-xinhai-revolution-copper-10-cash-founding-of-the-republic-1912-ce-republic-of-china","title":"China, Xinhai Revolution, Copper 10 Cash (Founding of the Republic) - 1912 CE - Republic of China","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese copper coins were minted in the founding year of the Republic of China, shortly after the Qing dynasty was overthrown in the Xinhai Revolution. The obverse features the flags of the Kuomintang and the Republic, while the reverse bears the denomination: ten cash.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Xinhai Revolution, also known as the 1911 Revolution, was a political and social upheaval that ended over two thousand years of imperial rule in China and led to the founding of the Republic of China. Sparked by the Wuchang Uprising on October 10, 1911, it quickly spread across the provinces as reformists, revolutionaries, and local military leaders turned against the Qing dynasty. The revolution was driven by frustration with corruption, foreign domination, and the failure of late Qing reforms. By early 1912, the last emperor, Puyi, had abdicated, marking the collapse of the Qing and the birth of a new republican government under Sun Yat-sen’s leadership—ushering in a new era in modern Chinese history.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":53225657794844,"sku":"MD-CHINA-XHTEN","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":53225657827612,"sku":"MD-CHINA-XHTEN-NO","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/xinhaiinbox.jpg?v=1761337478"},{"product_id":"russian-empire-emperor-paul-i-copper-2-kopecks-1800-ce-russian-empire-b9i","title":"Russian Empire, Emperor Paul I, Copper 2 Kopecks - 1800 CE - Russian Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Russian Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Emperor Paul I\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 1800 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e Copper 2 Kopecks\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e ЕМ - Ekaterinburg Mint\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 36mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e П I (P I) - Crowned monogram of Pavel I.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e 2. КОПЕЙКИ 1800 Е. М. - Denomination; date.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53942582182172,"sku":"AUCT-FEB-TWYFIV-26-FB-9-I","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_2597-Photoroom_50b2df10-05b7-4970-9751-1ce35a39c985.jpg?v=1772056203"},{"product_id":"russian-empire-emperor-paul-i-copper-1-kopeck-1798-ce-russian-empire-b10j","title":"Russian Empire, Emperor Paul I, Copper 1 Kopeck - 1798 CE - Russian Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Russian Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Emperor Paul I\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 1798 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e Copper 1 Kopeck\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e ЕМ - Ekaterinburg Mint\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 28mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e П I (P I) - Crowned monogram of Pavel I. Stylized cyrillic \"P\" with a crown above.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e 1. КОПЕЙКА 1797 Е.М. - Value at top, separation line in the middle and date and mintmark at bottom.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53942582313244,"sku":"AUCT-FEB-TWYFIV-26-FB-10-J","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_2600-Photoroom_2816de22-9749-4413-b7df-7b015b474b8f.jpg?v=1772056204"},{"product_id":"russian-empire-emperor-nicholas-i-copper-kopeck-1840-ce-russian-empire-b11k","title":"Russian Empire, Emperor Nicholas I, Copper ¼ Kopeck - 1840 CE - Russian Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Russian Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Emperor Nicholas I\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 1840 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e Copper ¼ Kopeck\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 16mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e Н I (N I) - Crowned monogram of Emperor Nicholas I.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e 1\/4 КОПѢЙКИ СЕРЕБРОМ 1840. С.П.М. - Value; date; mint letters.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53942582346012,"sku":"AUCT-FEB-TWYFIV-26-FB-11-K","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_2602-Photoroom.jpg?v=1772056284"},{"product_id":"russian-empire-emperor-nicholas-i-copper-2-kopecks-serebrom-1843-ce-russian-empire-b13m","title":"Russian Empire, Emperor Nicholas I, Copper 2 Kopecks Serebrom - 1843 CE - Russian Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Russian Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Emperor Nicholas I\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 1843 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e Copper 2 Kopecks Serebrom\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 33mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e Н I (N I) - Crowned monogram of Nikolai I.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e 2 КОПѢЙКИ СЕРЕБРОМЪ 1843 - Value, date.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53942582542620,"sku":"AUCT-FEB-TWYFIV-26-FB-13-M","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_2606-Photoroom_773bccb5-f2e9-4dd4-973a-80217fbb6a36.jpg?v=1772056288"},{"product_id":"russian-empire-emperor-paul-i-copper-1-kopeck-1798-ce-russian-empire-b23w","title":"Russian Empire, Emperor Paul I, Copper 1 Kopeck - 1798 CE - Russian Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Russian Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Emperor Paul I\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 1798 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e Copper 1 Kopeck\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e ЕМ - Ekaterinburg Mint\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 28mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e П I (P I) - Crowned monogram of Pavel I. Stylized cyrillic \"P\" with a crown above.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e 1. КОПЕЙКА 1797 Е.М. - Value at top, separation line in the middle and date and mintmark at bottom.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53942584443164,"sku":"AUCT-FEB-TWYFIV-26-FB-23-W","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_2628-Photoroom.jpg?v=1772056425"},{"product_id":"russian-empire-empress-elizabeth-copper-1-kopeck-1760-ce-russian-empire-b24x","title":"Russian Empire, Empress Elizabeth, Copper 1 Kopeck - 1760 CE - Russian Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Russian Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Empress Elizabeth\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 1760 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e Copper 1 Kopeck\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 26mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e Elizabeth monogram (EP). Crown above.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e КОПЕИКА - Horseman with spear (St. George) slaying dragon. Legend under the horseman.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53942585917724,"sku":"AUCT-FEB-TWYFIV-26-FB-24-X","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_2630-Photoroom.jpg?v=1772056426"},{"product_id":"china-qing-dynasty-emperor-guangxu-20-cash-1907-ce-imperial-china-b36aj","title":"China, Qing Dynasty, Emperor Guangxu, 20 Cash - 1907 CE - Imperial China","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e China, Qing Dynasty\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Emperor Guangxu\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 1907 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e 20 Cash (Copper)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 33mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e ᡤᡝᡥᡠᠩᡤᡝ ᠶᠣᠰᠣ ᡳ ᠠᠨᡳᠶᠠᡳ ᠸᡝᡳᠯᡝᡥᡝ 未丁 大 幣銅 清 文十二錢制當 (Guangxu (Emperor) \/ Made in the Year 44 Great Qing's copper currency Currency worth 20 Cash (Wen)) - Four Chinese ideograms read top to bottom, right to left, with Manchu characters above and more ideograms around.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e 造年緒光 TAI-CHING-TI-KUO COPPER COIN. - Dragon with pearl at centre with Chinese ideograms above and English legend below.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53942587261212,"sku":"AUCT-FEB-TWYFIV-26-FB-36-AJ","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_2655-Photoroom_fc024f5a-7470-4e71-b646-a88321bbc690.jpg?v=1772056803"},{"product_id":"east-germany-johann-wolfgang-von-goethe-porcelain-commemorative-medal-1947-to-1988-ce-german-democratic-republic-h1a","title":"East Germany, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Porcelain Commemorative Medal - 1947 to 1988 CE - German Democratic Republic","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e German Democratic Republic\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 1947 - 1988 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e Porcelain commemorative medal, non-monetary\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e Staatliche Porzellanmanufaktur, Meissen, Germany\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 49mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e JOHANN WOLFGANG VON GOETHE - Portrait of Goethe\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e GOETHES WOHNHAUS WEIMAR - Goethe House\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":54028642255132,"sku":"AUCT-APRIL-EIGHTH-26-YH-1-A","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_4787-Photoroom.jpg?v=1775689356"},{"product_id":"east-germany-friedrich-von-schiller-porcelain-commemorative-medal-1948-to-1980-ce-german-democratic-republic-h3c","title":"East Germany, Friedrich Von Schiller Porcelain Commemorative Medal - 1948 to 1980 CE - German Democratic Republic","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e German Democratic Republic\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 1948 - 1980 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e Porcelain commemorative medal, non-monetary\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e Staatliche Porzellanmanufaktur, Meissen, Germany\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 49.5mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e FRIEDRICH VON SCHILLER - Friedrich Von Schiller bust facing right\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e SCHILLERS WOHNHAUS WEIMAR - Picture of Schillers Wohnhaus with Meissen trademark at bottom\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":54028642320668,"sku":"AUCT-APRIL-EIGHTH-26-YH-3-C","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_4791-Photoroom.jpg?v=1775689358"},{"product_id":"east-germany-friedrich-von-schiller-porcelain-commemorative-medal-1948-to-1980-ce-german-democratic-republic-h4d","title":"East Germany, Friedrich Von Schiller Porcelain Commemorative Medal - 1948 to 1980 CE - German Democratic Republic","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e German Democratic Republic\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 1948 - 1980 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e Porcelain commemorative medal, non-monetary\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e Staatliche Porzellanmanufaktur, Meissen, Germany\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 49.5mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e FRIEDRICH VON SCHILLER - Friedrich Von Schiller bust facing right\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e SCHILLERS WOHNHAUS WEIMAR - Picture of Schillers Wohnhaus with Meissen trademark at bottom\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":54028642353436,"sku":"AUCT-APRIL-EIGHTH-26-YH-4-D","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_4793-Photoroom_a5afe20a-d75d-4814-b2e1-4c6a387d0c07.jpg?v=1775689359"},{"product_id":"weimar-germany-meissen-municipal-public-library-porcelain-token-1923-ce-weimar-republic-h5e","title":"Weimar Germany, Meissen Municipal Public Library, Porcelain Token - 1923 CE - Weimar Republic","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Germany, Weimar Republic\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Meissen Municipal Public Library\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 1923 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e Porcelain token\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e Staatliche Porzellanmanufaktur, Meissen, Germany\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 40mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e Städtische Volksbücherei Meissen - An open book with numbers on the pages, rampant lion above, Meissen crossed swords below.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e An eagle in flight, left, with cherub riding upon it while holding an olive branch in each hand.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eNotes:\u003c\/b\u003e Notgeld (German for “emergency money”) was a special currency that was originally issued in Germany and Austria to deal with the economic crisis and hyperinflation caused by World War I. Unlike official currency, these coins and paper bills weren’t issued by the central bank but by local municipalities, private companies, state-owned firms, and town savings banks. As a result, they weren’t legal tender but were accepted within local communities by mutual agreement. While many notgeld were issued specifically as emergency money, some were also issued for collectors during less inflationary periods. Porcelain notgeld served as a substitute for real silver and gold coins in the postwar period, but their fragility and the Reichsbank’s refusal to recognize unofficial currencies led to their decline by 1922.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":54028642386204,"sku":"AUCT-APRIL-EIGHTH-26-YH-5-E","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_4795-Photoroom_e3f45a31-6fa3-49be-987f-357046ec4588.jpg?v=1775689359"},{"product_id":"east-germany-250-years-of-german-porcelain-commemorative-token-1959-ce-german-democratic-republic-h9i","title":"East Germany, \"250 Years of German Porcelain,\" Commemorative Token - 1959 CE - German Democratic Republic","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e German Democratic Republic\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 1959 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e Porcelain token\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 30.5mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e 250 JAHRE DEUTSCHES PORZELLAN - Portrait of Johann Friedrich Böttger\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e Deutsche Industrie - Messe Hannover 1959 - Stylized head of Hermes (the emblem of the Hannover Fair)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":54028642517276,"sku":"AUCT-APRIL-EIGHTH-26-YH-9-I","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_4805-Photoroom.jpg?v=1775689363"},{"product_id":"weimar-germany-society-of-german-natural-scientists-and-physicians-porcelain-token-1922-ce-weimar-republic-h11k","title":"Weimar Germany, Society of German Natural Scientists and Physicians, Porcelain Token - 1922 CE - Weimar Republic","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Germany, Weimar Republic\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Society of German Natural Scientists and Physicians, city of Leipzig\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 1922 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e Porcelain token, 100th anniversary issue\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e Meissen, Germany\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 40.5mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e EHRE GABED FA LICHTHEIL-ROHTGEN-ELEKTROMED-U-PHYSK-APP\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e 100 JAHRE GES DEUTSCHER NATURFORSCHERU AERZTE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eNotes:\u003c\/b\u003e Notgeld (German for “emergency money”) was a special currency that was originally issued in Germany and Austria to deal with the economic crisis and hyperinflation caused by World War I. Unlike official currency, these coins and paper bills weren’t issued by the central bank but by local municipalities, private companies, state-owned firms, and town savings banks. As a result, they weren’t legal tender but were accepted within local communities by mutual agreement. While many notgeld were issued specifically as emergency money, some were also issued for collectors during less inflationary periods. Porcelain notgeld served as a substitute for real silver and gold coins in the postwar period, but their fragility and the Reichsbank’s refusal to recognize unofficial currencies led to their decline by 1922.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":54028642582812,"sku":"AUCT-APRIL-EIGHTH-26-YH-11-K","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_4809-Photoroom_65c929ca-d8a9-48af-81ce-a6a0dd70d5c9.jpg?v=1775689585"},{"product_id":"weimar-germany-society-of-german-natural-scientists-and-physicians-porcelain-token-1922-ce-weimar-republic-h12l","title":"Weimar Germany, Society of German Natural Scientists and Physicians, Porcelain Token - 1922 CE - Weimar Republic","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Germany, Weimar Republic\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Society of German Natural Scientists and Physicians, city of Leipzig\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 1922 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e Porcelain token, 100th anniversary issue\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e Meissen, Germany\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 40.5mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e EHRE GABED FA LICHTHEIL-ROHTGEN-ELEKTROMED-U-PHYSK-APP\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e 100 JAHRE GES DEUTSCHER NATURFORSCHERU AERZTE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eNotes:\u003c\/b\u003e Notgeld (German for “emergency money”) was a special currency that was originally issued in Germany and Austria to deal with the economic crisis and hyperinflation caused by World War I. Unlike official currency, these coins and paper bills weren’t issued by the central bank but by local municipalities, private companies, state-owned firms, and town savings banks. As a result, they weren’t legal tender but were accepted within local communities by mutual agreement. While many notgeld were issued specifically as emergency money, some were also issued for collectors during less inflationary periods. Porcelain notgeld served as a substitute for real silver and gold coins in the postwar period, but their fragility and the Reichsbank’s refusal to recognize unofficial currencies led to their decline by 1922.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":54028642615580,"sku":"AUCT-APRIL-EIGHTH-26-YH-12-L","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_4811-Photoroom.jpg?v=1775689586"},{"product_id":"weimar-germany-saxony-porcelain-2-marks-notgeld-emergency-money-1920-to-1921-ce-weimar-republic-h21u","title":"Weimar Germany, Saxony, Porcelain 2 Marks Notgeld (Emergency Money) - 1920 to 1921 CE - Weimar Republic","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Germany, Weimar Republic\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Federal State of Saxony\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 1920 - 1921 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e Porcelain 2 marks notgeld\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e Staatliche Porzellanmanufaktur, Meissen, Germany\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 26.5mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e SACHSEN 2 Mk. (Saxony 2 Marks) - State name above denomination\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e 1921 - Nesting eagle with star above head. Date divided by star.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eNotes:\u003c\/b\u003e Notgeld (German for “emergency money”) was a special currency that was originally issued in Germany and Austria to deal with the economic crisis and hyperinflation caused by World War I. Unlike official currency, these coins and paper bills weren’t issued by the central bank but by local municipalities, private companies, state-owned firms, and town savings banks. As a result, they weren’t legal tender but were accepted within local communities by mutual agreement. While many notgeld were issued specifically as emergency money, some were also issued for collectors during less inflationary periods. Porcelain notgeld served as a substitute for real silver and gold coins in the postwar period, but their fragility and the Reichsbank’s refusal to recognize unofficial currencies led to their decline by 1922.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":54028643074332,"sku":"AUCT-APRIL-EIGHTH-26-YH-21-U","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_4832-Photoroom.jpg?v=1775689653"},{"product_id":"u-s-controlled-philippines-twenty-centavos-silver-coin-1907-to-1929-u-s-philippines","title":"U.S. Controlled Philippines, Twenty Centavos Silver Coin - 1907 to 1929 - U.S. Philippines","description":"\u003cp\u003eFor over 40 years until the end of World War II, the Philippines was officially a territory of the United States. This often overlooked period of history saw attempts to build an American colonial empire, during which the U.S. also added Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico, Samoa, Guantanamo Bay, and the Panama Canal to a growing list of overseas territories.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese silver coins, minted by the U.S. in San Francisco or Philadelphia, replaced the older Spanish colonial currency after the United States took the Philippines after the Spanish American War. The obverse side is inscribed with \"United States of America\" and the date, while the reverse shows a standing woman with an anvil and a volcano in the background. \u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Manila646_1899_2048x2048.jpg?v=1669364182\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eUS soldiers in the Philippines during the Philippine-American War, circa 1899\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe American Empire: A history of U.S. rule in the Philippines\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor over 40 years until the end of World War II, the Philippines was officially a territory of the United States. This often overlooked period of history saw attempts to build an American colonial empire, during which the U.S. also added Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico, Samoa, Guantanamo Bay, and the Panama Canal to a growing list of overseas territories.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHere's a timeline showing major events during the US's involvement in the Philippines:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDecember 1898: The United States takes the Philippines from Spain\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eDespite being on opposite sides in the \u003cstrong\u003eSpanish American War\u003c\/strong\u003e, the local commanders of the Spanish and American forces colluded during the \u003cstrong\u003eBattle of Manila\u003c\/strong\u003e to keep the \u003cspan\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhilippine Revolutionary Army\u003c\/strong\u003e outside the city center.\u003c\/span\u003e This led to the transfer of control of Manila from the Spanish to American forces. Though the Philippines chose to declare independence, the United States did not acknowledge this and acquired the Philippines at the end of 1898.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ePresident William McKinley issued a proclamation of “benevolent assimilation” following the battle, claiming that forces of occupation came “not as invaders or conquerors, but as friends, to protect the natives in their homes, in their employments, and in their personal and religious rights.”\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFebruary 1899: The Philippine-American War begins\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eFighting began with yet another battle in Manila, and the First Philippine Republic officially declared war against the United States on June 2nd, 1899. Filipinos suffered much greater casualties than Americans during the war, with the United States openly attacking civilians. News of atrocities committed during the war reached the US, rendering it open to heavy criticism, notably from anti-Imperialists including Mark Twain—who criticized the United States as becoming a colonial power.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs the U.S. gained further control, it established a civil government in 1901 with future U.S. president William H. Taft as civil governor of the Philippines.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Aguinaldo_s_aides_2048x2048.jpg?v=1669406932\" alt=\"A group of Filipino revolutionary Emilio Aguinaldo's aides during the Philippine-American War\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eFilipino revolutionary Emilio Aguinaldo's aides during the Philippine-American War, circa 1899\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eJuly 1902: The U.S. wins the war and creates the Insular Government of the Philippines\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eFollowing the abolishment of the military government, the United States Congress quickly passed the Philippine Organic Act in 1902, which formally organized the Insular Government. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe term “insular” referred to the government operating under the authority of the US Bureau of Insular Affairs.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eDuring this period, the Supreme Court struggled with the constitutional status of the new government. In the 1904 case \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eDorr v. United States\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e, for example, the United States Supreme court ruled that Filipinos had no constitutional right to a trial by jury.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eMarch 1934: The Philippines were promised independence in 10 years\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ePhilippine nationalists still attempted to fight for independence after the war, though this was suspended during World War I. In 1919, the Philippine Legislature passed the “Declaration of Purposes,” stating the will of the Filipino people to be a free and independent nation and also funded an independence mission to meet with the United States Secretary of War. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson declared that the U.S. had a duty to grant the Philippines independence in his farewell address to Congress, though his request was not heeded.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ePublic funding for independence missions was ruled illegal after the first attempt failed, though missions funded by voluntary donations continued. The Tydings-McDuffie Act was eventually enacted, which p\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eromised Philippine independence by 1946 following a ten year transition period.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eDecember 1941: Japan invades the Philippines\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eJust ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor kicked off U.S. involvement in World War II, Japan launched an invasion of the Philippines. American aircraft at Pearl Harbor were heavily damaged, leaving the ships stationed at the Philippines without air support. The U.S. military was forced to withdraw, and what followed was a period of brutal Japanese occupation that lasted over three years.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe Philippines was freed from Japanese control in 1945 at the end of the war, after suffering catastrophic destruction and loss of life.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" alt=\"A Japanese soldier stands in front of US propaganda in the Philippines, 1943\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/US_propaganda_and_Japanese_soldier_2048x2048.jpg?v=1669406499\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eA Japanese soldier stands in front of US propaganda in the Philippines, 1943\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eJuly 1946: The Philippines gains full independence\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThough delayed by World War II, the Philippines finally gained independence on July 4th, 1946. This was officially signed off by President Harry Truman and intentionally lined up with the United States' independence day.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":54098957599004,"sku":"AM-PHIL-20CTVS","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":54098957664540,"sku":"AM-PHIL-20CTVS-NO","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Philippinesinbox.jpg?v=1778186007"}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/collections\/World.jpg?v=1649872171","url":"https:\/\/www.historyhoard.com\/collections\/modern-world-history.oembed?page=2","provider":"History Hoard","version":"1.0","type":"link"}