{"title":"medieval-times-regular-stock","description":"","products":[{"product_id":"mongol-empire-silver-coin","title":"Mongols, Golden Horde Silver - 1242 AD - Eastern Europe","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e These silver coins originate from the Golden Horde (1242 - 1502 AD), one of four Mongol \u003cem\u003ekhanates\u003c\/em\u003e that formed after the death of Genghis Khan. They have been acquired by History Hoard from private collections and thoroughly inspected for authenticity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSee also: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.historyhoard.com\/products\/mongol-copper-golden-horde-1300s\"\u003eMongol Copper, Golden Horde - 1300's\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"d\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Product_Descriptions_Wide_12_2048x2048.jpg?v=1597189896\" alt=\"Tode Mongke\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"margin-top: 40px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"m\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Product_Descriptions_Mobile_13_2048x2048.jpg?v=1597189934\" alt=\"Tode Mongke\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"margin-top: 20px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eTode Mongke at the head of the Golden Horde.\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1 style=\"margin-top: 20px;\"\u003eThe Golden Horde: Western stronghold of the Mongols\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Golden Horde covered much of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, but it was part of a greater whole: the Mongol Empire.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost empires weren't made in a day, or even a century—but the Mongols built the second largest empire in history in only\u003cem\u003e sixty years.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf course, the man responsible was none other than Genghis Khan.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUpon his death, the massive empire split into four separate states (known as \u003cem\u003ekhanates\u003c\/em\u003e) divided among a handful of his sons.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis was the birth of the Golden Horde, the western stronghold of Mongol influence until it's fall in 1502.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese beautiful coins feature intricate designs of typical Mongol fashion. Most are issues of the modern day Crimea, and are the perfect way to own a genuine piece of this once great empire.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"m\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/11455_2048x2048.jpg?v=1597192885\" alt=\"Mongols on horseback\" style=\"margin-top: 20px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"d\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Product_Descriptions_Wide_13_2048x2048.jpg?v=1597192995\" alt=\"Mongols on horseback\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"margin-top: 40px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32906812325935,"sku":"MR-MNG-GHSIL","price":74.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553829290268,"sku":"MR-MNG-GHSIL-NO","price":59.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Mongolsilver.jpg?v=1743105369"},{"product_id":"smallest-gold-coin-in-history-1300s","title":"India, Smallest Gold Coin in History - 1300's AD - Vijayanagara Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese gold coins date back to the Indian Vijayanagara Empire (1336 - 1646 AD), and have been acquired by History Hoard from a private collection. They have been thoroughly inspected for authenticity by our team.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e-----  -----  -----\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003eThe tiniest gold piece ever produced.\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIf you thought losing your pocket change was a modern problem, think again.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese tiny coins come from the Vijayanagara Empire of India, and measure a mere \u003cem\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e2 to 3 millimeters\u003cem\u003e \u003c\/em\u003eacross.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor context, that's smaller than a grain of \u003cem\u003erice\u003c\/em\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt's incredible enough that medieval Indians were able to create these coins, but they went so far as to put a \u003cem\u003edesign\u003c\/em\u003e on them too.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe coins are valuable despite their size, being stuck from one of history's most prized metals—\u003c\/span\u003egold. How they could have been spent efficiently is a different story.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe've carefully encased these coins in a plastic holder inside of our standard glass display, to keep these tiny treasures from being lost.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"d\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Product_Descriptions_Wide_11_e8f4fc9d-b226-4c53-8b0a-91e1e5421ef4_2048x2048.png?v=1593728321\" alt=\"Hoysaleswara Temple\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"margin-top: 40px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"m\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Product_Descriptions_Mobile_6_2048x2048.png?v=1593728362\" alt=\"Hoysaleswara Temple\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"margin-top: 20px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eMedieval carvings at Hoysaleswara Temple, India.\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eAbout Medieval India:\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe medieval period lasted from about the 6th century to the 18th century AD. During this time, India wasn't the unified nation that we know it as today. Instead, it was a fractured group of dynasties that competed with each other for power. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite the lack of unity, these years were very culturally important to India. The age lead to the development of iconic Hindu architectural styles, and incredible paintings. This is also the period in which many of the modern day regional languages of India began to form.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe medieval period would finally come to an end at the start of the Mughal Empire, which unified India from 1526 to 1857.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"d\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Product_Descriptions_Wide_10_c36ca9d0-040c-4106-9cb1-851ecd1f61c3_2048x2048.png?v=1593728406\" alt=\"Mehrangarh Fort\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"margin-top: 40px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"m\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Product_Descriptions_Mobile_5_2048x2048.png?v=1593728448\" alt=\"Mehrangarh Fort\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"margin-top: 20px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMehrangarh Fort, an Indian military stronghold built in the 15th century.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32906812129327,"sku":"MR-IND-SGOLD","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553829159196,"sku":"MR-IND-SGOLD-NO","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/SmallestGoldCoin.jpg?v=1743105364"},{"product_id":"kingdom-of-hungary-silver-denar-1131-ad","title":"Hungary, Bela II Silver Denar - 1131 AD - Kingdom of Hungary","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis is a hammered silver \u003cem\u003edenar\u003c\/em\u003e from the medieval Kingdom of Hungary, dated within the rule of Béla II (also known as \u003cstrong\u003eBéla the Blind, 1131 - 1142 AD\u003c\/strong\u003e). The denars have been acquired by History Hoard from private collections and thoroughly inspected for authenticity.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e-----  -----  -----\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"d\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Product_Descriptions_Wide_15_2048x2048.png?v=1597697722\" alt=\"Bela the Blind\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"margin-top: 40px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"m\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Bela_II__Chronicon_Pictum_114_2048x2048.jpg?v=1597697130\" alt=\"Bela the Blind\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"margin-top: 20px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBéla II of Hungary\u003c\/span\u003e.\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch1 style=\"margin-top: 20px;\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBéla the Blind: A king raised in \u003c\/strong\u003eexile\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBéla's childhood was anything but ideal.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoth him and his father were blinded when \u003cspan\u003eBéla was only an infant, after his father attempted to steal the Hungarian throne from his brother, King Coloman.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBéla was believed to be dead, though he escaped to live in exile at a monastery with his father. In 1127, whispers of his survival began reaching the Hungarian royal court.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBut by then, Hungary had a new king: Stephen II. And in a stroke of luck for Béla, Stephen failed to secure an heir.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWith no other choice, Stephen declared Béla as heir to the Hungarian throne to continue the royal bloodline. Against all odds, the sickly and presumed dead child was crowned King of Hungary and Croatia in 1131.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThese silver denars were minted under Béla the Blind, and bear the iconic cross found on many coins of medieval Europe.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"d\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Product_Descriptions_Wide_16_9b5c4cf5-76e1-45e1-a910-779519d0d677_2048x2048.png?v=1597698156\" alt=\"Medieval Hungary\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"margin-top: 40px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"m\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/MK2596_2048x2048.jpg?v=1597698183\" alt=\"Medieval Hungary\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"margin-top: 20px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\n\u003cem\u003eThe Hungarian city of Budapest as it looked in the late Middle Ages.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32906806558767,"sku":"MR-HNG-BELA2","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553828798748,"sku":"MR-HNG-BELA2-NO","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/HungaryDenar.jpg?v=1743105357"},{"product_id":"byzantine-trachy-christ-virgin-mary","title":"Byzantine Trachy, Christ \u0026 Mary - 1200 AD - East Europe","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e Sporting a curious cup shape, nobody knows for sure why the \u003cstrong\u003eByzantine Empire \u003c\/strong\u003estruck these coins curved instead of flat. It was no easy task either\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e—in an era before precision tools, painstaking care was required. Theories have included making them easier to stack or harder to counterfeit, but the leading answer is that it made the thin coins harder to bend.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe Byzantine Empire (also known as the \u003cstrong\u003eEastern Roman Empire\u003c\/strong\u003e) was a continuation of the ancient \u003cstrong\u003eRoman Empire\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c\/strong\u003eIt technically formed in \u003cstrong\u003e395 AD\u003c\/strong\u003e when the empire split into East and West, though Romans at the time hardly made that distinction. While the Western Empire would fall in the late \u003cstrong\u003e400's AD\u003c\/strong\u003e, Byzantine rule lasted well into the \u003cstrong\u003eMiddle Ages\u003c\/strong\u003e until \u003cstrong\u003e1453\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThese coins are a product of a deeply religious society—each features imagery of \u003cstrong\u003eJesus Christ\u003c\/strong\u003e and\/or the \u003cstrong\u003eVirgin Mary\u003c\/strong\u003e on the obverse\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e, and one of about a dozen \u003cstrong\u003e13th century emperors\u003c\/strong\u003e is shown on the reverse. Each coin measures around \u003cstrong\u003e0.6 to 0.7 inches\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e(1\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5 to 18 mm)\u003c\/strong\u003e in diameter, and is made of a copper-silver alloy known as \u003cem\u003ebillon\u003c\/em\u003e. They have been inspected by an \u003cstrong\u003eANA Certified\u003c\/strong\u003e numismatist and are guaranteed authentic.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"m\" style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"Emperor Justinian I\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/The_mosaic_of_Emperor_Justinian_and_his_retinue_2048x2048.jpg?v=1603229418\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"margin-top: 20px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"d\" style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"Emperor Justinian I\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/The_mosaic_of_Emperor_Justinian_and_his_retinue_2048x2048.jpg?v=1603229418\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"margin-top: 40px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eA mosaic of Justinian I, one of the early Byzantine emperors (\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:The_mosaic_of_Emperor_Justinian_and_his_retinue.jpg\"\u003evia Wikimedia\u003c\/a\u003e)\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32906790371375,"sku":"MR-BYZ-CUP","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553828274460,"sku":"MR-BYZ-CUP-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/ByzantineTrachy.jpg?v=1743105341"},{"product_id":"crusades-duchy-of-athens-1294","title":"Crusades, Duchy of Athens - 1294 - Greece","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e These coins were struck in the \u003cstrong\u003eDuchy of Athens\u003c\/strong\u003e, one of the Crusader states set up in modern day Greece after the \u003cstrong\u003eByzantine Empire\u003c\/strong\u003e was conquered during the \u003cstrong\u003eFourth Crusade\u003c\/strong\u003e. At the time these coins were struck, the Duchy was under the control of the powerful \u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eFrankish \u003cstrong\u003ede la Roche\u003c\/strong\u003e family.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumerous \u003cstrong\u003eCrusader states\u003c\/strong\u003e like these were established by Catholic forces along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean. The region remained under European control for hundreds of years, though most of it would be reclaimed in the 15th century. The Duchy of Athens itself was conquered by\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e the \u003cstrong\u003eOttoman Empire\u003c\/strong\u003e in 1456.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis \u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edenier\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/em\u003ecoin was struck between \u003cstrong\u003e1294 and 1308 AD\u003c\/strong\u003e, towards the end of de la Roche rule in the Duchy. It is made from billon, a silver alloy, and was hammered from a very thin metal sheet in a way that is typical of medieval coins. Each comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"m\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" height=\"2048x2048\" width=\"2048x2048\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/ConquestOfConstantinopleByTheCrusadersIn1204_2048x2048.jpg?v=1604966223\" alt=\"Conquest of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"d\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"Conquest of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/ConquestOfConstantinopleByTheCrusadersIn1204D_2048x2048.jpg?v=1604966592\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe conquest of Constantinople, a crucial accomplishment of the Fourth Crusade.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32906796531759,"sku":"MR-CRUS-DOA","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553828045084,"sku":"MR-CRUS-DOA-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Duchyofathens.jpg?v=1743105335"},{"product_id":"mongols-ilkhanate-silver-1284-ad","title":"Mongols, Ilkhanate Silver Dirham - 1284 AD - Middle East","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e The \u003cstrong\u003eIlkhanate\u003c\/strong\u003e was formed from the fractured \u003cstrong\u003eMongol Empire\u003c\/strong\u003e in 1256, after internal conflict split the massive empire into four independent \u003cstrong\u003ekhanates\u003c\/strong\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003eHulagu Khan \u003c\/strong\u003e(grandson of the famed Genghis Khan) became the first leader of the area covering the Middle East, known as the Ilkhanate.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese silver coins were struck under \u003cstrong\u003eArghun Khan (1284 - 1291)\u003c\/strong\u003e, the grandson of Hulagu and the great-great-grandson of Genghis. They notably use \u003cstrong\u003eArabic script\u003c\/strong\u003e, as the conquering Mongols usually continued minting coins in the same style and language as the local people.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArghun Khan was a devout Buddhist, as the ruling class of the Ilkhanate had not yet converted to Islam at the time of his rule. Notably, Arghun attempted to create an alliance with Europe against the Muslim forces in the Holy Land, though was ultimately unsuccessful. He was also betrothed to \u003cstrong\u003eKököchin\u003c\/strong\u003e, a princess of the Mongol Yuan dynasty of China, who was reportedly escorted to the Ilkhanate by the famous explorer \u003cstrong\u003eMarco Polo\u003c\/strong\u003e. However, the marriage was not to be—Arghun died shortly before her arrival, after 8 months of ingesting a toxic alchemical concoction of sulfur and mercury in an attempt to prolong his life.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach coin is guaranteed genuine and comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":39304488714287,"sku":"MR-MNG-ILK-ARG","price":54.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553825685788,"sku":"MR-MNG-ILK-ARG-NO","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/IlkhanateArghun.jpg?v=1743105306"},{"product_id":"china-song-dynasty-960-ad","title":"China, Song Dynasty - 960 AD - Medieval China","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e These copper \"cash\" coins date back to the \u003cstrong\u003eSong dynasty \u003c\/strong\u003e(960 - 1279 CE) of medieval China. They're from the reigns of many different emperors, but all the coins date within the time period above.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Song dynasty is typically divided into two distinct periods: the \u003cstrong\u003eNorthern Song \u003c\/strong\u003e(960 - 1127) and the \u003cstrong\u003eSouthern Song\u003c\/strong\u003e (1127 - 1279). The events that caused this separation are known as the \u003cstrong\u003eJin-Song\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eWars\u003c\/strong\u003e, when the Song lost control of northern China to the rival \u003cstrong\u003eJin dynasty\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnder the Song, China experienced many new innovations in technology and governance. The Song issued paper banknotes, which are the oldest known in world history. They also established the first permanent standing navy in China. Gunpowder also came into common use during this time.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dynasty would eventually be conquered by the \u003cstrong\u003eMongol Empire\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eand the later Mongol-led \u003cstrong\u003eYuan dynasty\u003c\/strong\u003e, putting all of China under the rule of a foreign power for the first time.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":39386684653615,"sku":"MR-CHINA-SNG","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553825095964,"sku":"MR-CHINA-SNG-NO","price":4.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/SongDynastyCash.jpg?v=1743105292"},{"product_id":"italy-kingdom-of-sicily-1258-ad","title":"Italy, Kingdom of Sicily - 1258 AD - King Manfred","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e These copper \u003cem\u003edenaro \u003c\/em\u003ecoins are from the \u003cstrong\u003eKingdom of Sicily\u003c\/strong\u003e, a state that controlled the bottom half of the Italian peninsula as well as the island of Sicily from 1130 to 1816. The coins date within the reign of \u003cstrong\u003eManfred, King of Sicily\u003c\/strong\u003e (1258 - 1266 AD), who was the last ruler of the\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eHohenstaufen \u003c\/strong\u003edynasty to control the kingdom. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eManfred endured a very rough eight years on the throne. Even before becoming king, he struck up a bloody conflict against the Catholic church. As a result he was excommunicated by three successive popes, and angered the church to the point where he was the target of a \u003cstrong\u003eCrusade \u003c\/strong\u003ein 1255. Manfred met his end when he was killed in battle against papal forces in 1266.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":39414528114735,"sku":"MR-ITALY-SIC","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553824997660,"sku":"MR-ITALY-SIC-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Medsicily.jpg?v=1743105289"},{"product_id":"poland-john-ii-casimir-1648-ad","title":"Poland, John II Casimir - 1648 AD - East Europe","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e These copper \u003cem\u003esolidus\u003c\/em\u003e coins were produced in \u003cstrong\u003ePoland\u003c\/strong\u003e during the reign of \u003cstrong\u003eJohn II Casimir \u003c\/strong\u003e(or \u003cem\u003eJan II Kazimierz Waza\u003c\/em\u003e), who ruled from 1648 until his abdication in 1660. They feature the \u003cstrong\u003ebust of John II\u003c\/strong\u003e on the obverse side (with the legend IOAN CAS REX) and an \u003cstrong\u003eeagle \u003c\/strong\u003eor a \u003cstrong\u003eman on horseback\u003c\/strong\u003e on the reverse side.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall, John II Casimir's reign is widely known as one of the most disastrous in Polish history. It was marked by numerous defeats against the rival Ukrainian, Russian, Swedish, and Tartar forces, with Poland losing significant amounts of its territory. John II was exiled to France after giving up the throne in 1668 due to a revolt over royal succession.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":39414567075887,"sku":"MR-POL-J2C","price":27.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553824932124,"sku":"MR-POL-J2C-NO","price":12.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/PolandjohnIIcas.jpg?v=1743105287"},{"product_id":"republic-of-venice-tornesello-1700s","title":"Republic of Venice, Tornesello - 1300's - Italy","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003eThese \u003cem\u003etornesello \u003c\/em\u003ecoins were minted by various rulers of the \u003cstrong\u003eRepublic of Venice \u003c\/strong\u003eduring the \u003cstrong\u003eHigh Middle Ages \u003c\/strong\u003e(approximately the 14th to 15th century CE). These rulers were called \u003cstrong\u003eDoges\u003c\/strong\u003e, which is sometimes translated as \"dukes.\" The coins depict a cross on the obverse side and a winged lion on the reverse.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Republic of Venice was a sovereign maritime republic that existed from 697 to 1797 CE, centered on the city of Venice in modern day Italy. The republic prospered through trade, and quickly expanded its borders to include territories as far south as Greece along the Mediterranean Coast.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe tornesello was introduced in 1353 to feed the demand for coinage in Venice's overseas colonies. They contain significantly less silver than earlier coins, and are made of a debased silver alloy called billon.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":40107295997999,"sku":"MR-ITAL-VENICE","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553823981852,"sku":"MR-ITAL-VENICE-NO","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/RepublicofVenice.jpg?v=1743105263"},{"product_id":"islamic-square-silver-dirham-1121-to-1269-ce-almohad-caliphate","title":"Almohad Caliphate Square Dirham - 1121 to 1269 CE - N. Africa \u0026 Spain","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003eThese curiously shaped square \u003cstrong\u003esilver dirhams\u003c\/strong\u003e were struck by the \u003cstrong\u003eAlmohad Caliphate\u003c\/strong\u003e, a Berber or \u003cem\u003eAmazigh \u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/em\u003eMuslim empire that controlled much of Northern Africa and Spain at its height in the 13th century.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe coins minted by the Almohad Caliphate have \u003cstrong\u003eArabic script\u003c\/strong\u003e showing mint marks and declarations of faith, though no date is present. They are \u003cstrong\u003eanonymous\u003c\/strong\u003e, meaning that they are not attributable to any single ruler.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMany hypotheses have formed as to why these coins have a square shape. While it certainly made them easier to cut from a larger piece of metal, most agree that the square symbolism was an intentional design choice. The Almohad incorporated squares into other designs as well, and the coins were likely made square to further project the empire's power.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":40442735657007,"sku":"MR-IS-SQUARE","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553820770588,"sku":"MR-IS-SQUARE-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Almohadsquaredirham.jpg?v=1743105241"},{"product_id":"abbasid-caliphate-dirham-750-to-1258-ce-middle-east","title":"Abbasid Caliphate Bronze - 750 to 1258 CE - Middle East","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003eThese bronze coins were struck by the \u003cstrong\u003eAbbasid Caliphate\u003c\/strong\u003e, a Middle Eastern empire that was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet \u003cstrong\u003eMuhammad\u003c\/strong\u003e. Due to an Islamic tradition against producing many types of images, these coins don't show the portrait of a ruler or any deity—rather, both sides of the coin show only the date, name of the current ruler, and religious declarations in \u003cstrong\u003eKufic script \u003c\/strong\u003e(a style of Arabic).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the aversion of images should not be confused with a lack of culture—the Abbasid Caliphate is synonymous with the \u003cstrong\u003eGolden Age of Islam\u003c\/strong\u003e, a period in which science, culture, and invention flourished that ended with the \u003cstrong\u003eMongol invasion\u003c\/strong\u003e in 1258. Though the caliphate still existed in a limited capacity until 1517, the days of extraordinary cultural advancement had long since ended.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese coins come from a variety of different Abbasid rulers that fall within the time period given. Each will match the quality of the ones shown.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":41129179447343,"sku":"MR-ABBASID-BRONZE","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553817329948,"sku":"MR-ABBASID-BRONZE-NO","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/abbasidcaliphate.jpg?v=1743105200"},{"product_id":"india-samanta-deva-jital-850-to-1000-ce-central-asia","title":"India, Samanta Deva Jital - 850 to 1000 CE - Central Asia","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003eThese copper coins date back to a medieval \u003cstrong\u003eHindu dynasty\u003c\/strong\u003e known as the \u003cstrong\u003eHindu Shahis\u003c\/strong\u003e, which mostly controlled parts of modern day\u003cstrong\u003e Afghanistan \u003c\/strong\u003ecentered around the city of Kabul. The denomination is known as a \u003cstrong\u003ejital\u003c\/strong\u003e, and the design features a \u003cstrong\u003ebull\u003c\/strong\u003e on the obverse and a \u003cstrong\u003ehorseman \u003c\/strong\u003eon the reverse.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThough the Hindu Shahis were not geographically within the modern borders of India, the region at the time was a loose collection of separate Hindu empires rather than a single nation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFew written works or structures remain from the dynasty, but coins of the Hindu Shahis survive in great numbers. This is partly due to their wide circulation, with many being traded as far as northeastern Europe. Though plentiful, cataloguing these coins provided historians with important details about the dynasty's rulers and influence. \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\"Samanta\"\u003c\/strong\u003e is the name of the first ruler whose coins followed this design, which later leaders chose to emulate.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":41194233856047,"sku":"MR-IND-JITAL","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553817067804,"sku":"MR-IND-JITAL-NO","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/SamantaDevaJital.jpg?v=1743105195"},{"product_id":"hungary-madonna-child-silver-denar-c-1500-to-1600-ce-kingdom-of-hungary","title":"Hungary, Madonna \u0026 Child Silver Denar - c. 1500 to 1600 CE - Kingdom of Hungary","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e \u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003eThis silver \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003edenar\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e was minted in Hungary during the European Renaissance in the 16th and 17th centuries, at a time when Hungary was partially conquered by the Ottoman Empire. Displayed on the obverse side is the coat of arms of Hungary, while the reverse features the iconic image of the Madonna and Child: a depiction of Mary and her infant son Jesus. Adding the year to coins started gaining wider appeal in Europe at this time too, so the date that the coins were struck is also visible on most of these denars.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"_04xlpA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003eThroughout history, many Christian denominations have utilized icons as a part of their worship and, during the renaissance, there was perhaps no more venerated icon than that of the Madonna and Child. By venerating these icons, it was accepted that one was worshipping the figures depicted therein. One could imagine that putting such an image on a coin would not only increase its value, but also ensure that the holder would safeguard it as something sacred.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":41340114960431,"sku":"MR-HNG-MDNA","price":69.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the pin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553816346908,"sku":"MR-HNG-MDNA-NO","price":54.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/PhotoRoom-20221006_154340.png?v=1743105187"},{"product_id":"medieval-change-cut-dirham-c-750-to-1300-ce-iberian-peninsula","title":"Medieval Change, Cut Dirham - c. 750 to 1300 CE - Iberian Peninsula","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBoth the \"one piece\" and the \"three to four piece\" options will have the same total weight (just over 1 gram).\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eThese medieval Islamic dirhams were cut into pieces for a very practical reason: making change.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the Middle Ages, providing change posed a considerable challenge to merchants due to the lack of smaller coin denominations. Because of this, it became common to \u003cstrong\u003ephysically cut coins into smaller pieces\u003c\/strong\u003e to meet the exact values of transactions. In England, for example, a silver penny could be cut into halves or quarters to create halfpennies and farthings. The cut pieces continued to be considered legal tender, and their value was proportionate to the size of the piece relative to the original coin.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis practice was also common during the era of \u003cstrong\u003eAl-Andalus (711 - 1492 CE)\u003c\/strong\u003e on the \u003cstrong\u003eIberian Peninsula\u003c\/strong\u003e, when Islamic rule introduced an array of cultural and economic changes in modern day Spain, Portugal, and parts of France. Silver dirhams, the dominant coin of this period, were routinely cut to create smaller denominations, enabling transactions of lesser value.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis was a practice born out of necessity, in a time preceding more sophisticated minting methods and a wider variety of coin denominations. It allowed greater flexibility in commerce, despite being a somewhat crude method. However, it also opened avenues for fraudulent activities such as clipping or shaving coins for the precious metals. Small pieces of metal could be clipped off of coins without altering the face value, which could then be melted down into ingots and sold. As minting technology progressed and more coin denominations were introduced, the need for cutting coins gradually diminished, and the practice eventually phased out.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA Certificate of Authenticity accompanies all items purchased at History Hoard.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Three to Four","offer_id":45257607020828,"sku":"MR-DHM-CUT-MULT","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ One","offer_id":45257631531292,"sku":"MR-DHM-CUT-ONE","price":31.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Three to Four","offer_id":51553812447516,"sku":"MR-DHM-CUT-MULT-NO","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ One","offer_id":51553812480284,"sku":"MR-DHM-CUT-ONE-NO","price":16.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/medievalclippeddirhams2.jpg?v=1743105118"},{"product_id":"english-silver-penny-edward-i-1272-to-1307-ce-england","title":"English Silver Penny, Edward I - 1272 to 1307 CE - England","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigh grade coins will have \u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\" data-mce-style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003emost\u003c\/span\u003e of the text and design visible on each side. Average grade coins have significant portions that are worn smooth.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e These silver pennies were minted from 1272 to 1307 during the reign of King Edward I, also known as \"Hammer of the Scots\" due to his invasion of Scotland and \"Edward Longshanks\" due to his height. He succeeded his father as king while participating in the Ninth Crusade in the Holy Land.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAside from his military escapades, Edward is also remembered for reforming the coinage of England in 1279. His newly designed pennies featured a more lifelike bust of the king facing the front, and the legend on the obverse was longer, usually inscribed as \"\u003cstrong\u003eEDW REX ANGL DNS HYB\u003c\/strong\u003e\" - Edward King of England, Lord of Ireland. The reverse had a long cross extending to the edge of the coin. The new design was not only aesthetically pleasing but also practical, as it made \u003cstrong\u003eclipping\u003c\/strong\u003e - the illegal practice of shaving off small amounts of a coin's metal for profit - easier to detect. \u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIn addition to the penny, Edward I's new coinage also introduced the farthing, halfpenny, and groat, providing a wider range of denominations for the first time in English history. This innovation was a significant step forward in the development of the English monetary system, facilitating both domestic and international trade.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eSilver pennies were minted in large quantities, mainly in London and Canterbury. The high-quality silver and the intricate design of these coins made them popular, leading to a significant drain on the local supply of silver. This popularity was so great that the export of English coins was forbidden in 1299 to protect the national treasury, though even this didn't completely stop the coins from leaving England.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA Certificate of Authenticity accompanies all items purchased at History Hoard.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Average Grade","offer_id":45308859515164,"sku":"MR-ENG-EDPY-AVG","price":74.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ High Grade (+$20.00)","offer_id":45313251180828,"sku":"MR-ENG-EDPY-HIGH","price":94.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Average Grade","offer_id":51553812316444,"sku":"MR-ENG-EDPY-AVG-NO","price":59.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ High Grade (+$20.00)","offer_id":51553812349212,"sku":"MR-ENG-EDPY-HIGH-NO","price":79.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/MR-ENG-EDPY.jpg?v=1743105116"},{"product_id":"tabaristan-silver-half-drachm-abbasid-caliphate-c-734-to-803-ce-northern-iran","title":"Tabaristan, Silver Half Drachm (Abbasid Caliphate) - c. 734 to 803 CE - Northern Iran","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e These sliver half drachms were minted in Tabaristan, a mountainous region nestled between the Alborz mountains and the Caspian Sea in northern Iran. The area was a self governing territory under the Islamic \u003cstrong\u003eAbbasid Caliphate\u003c\/strong\u003e at the time, though the coins have heavy influence from the\u003cstrong\u003e Sasanian Empire\u003c\/strong\u003e which followed Zoroastrianism. The obverse of these coins is styled to look like the Sasanian king Khosrow II, while the reverse shows a Zoroastrian fire altar.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTabaristan was named after the Tapurians, who were relocated from Parthia by Phraates I. Under Sasanian rule, which began in the early 3rd century CE, the region enjoyed political autonomy.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe fall of the Sasanian empire in 651 marked the beginning of Islamic control over most regions. However, Tabaristan stood as an exception. The region fiercely maintained its independence, with Zoroastrian houses leading a guerilla resistance against Islamic forces. This resistance ensured that Tabaristan remained a Zoroastrian stronghold well into the 12th century, a unique feat considering the widespread Islamic influence in neighboring regions.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAnother remarkable aspect of Tabaristan is its linguistic heritage. Unlike many regions that saw a fusion of languages due to invasions and migrations, Tabaristan's language remained untouched by external influences such as Arabic, Tatar, or Mongolian. This preservation can be attributed to the region's natural barriers. The dense forests, swamps, and the formidable Alborz mountain range made it a challenging terrain for invading armies, allowing Tabaristan to safeguard its cultural and linguistic identity.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":46514172395804,"sku":"MR-TABAR-DHM","price":69.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553808843036,"sku":"MR-TABAR-DHM-NO","price":54.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Tabaristandrachminbox.jpg?v=1743105069"},{"product_id":"fourth-crusade-catholic-rulers-of-byzantine-territories-1204-to-1261-ce-constantinople-tessalonica","title":"Fourth Crusade, The Latin Empire, Trachy - 1204 to 1261 CE - Constantinople","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThese uniquely shaped coins hail from the era of the Fourth Crusade, a religious conflict initiated by the Catholic Church in 1202 CE. In 1204, Latin forces captured the Byzantine capital of Constantinople and its surroundings, subsequently minting these coins during the brief existence of a crusader state known as the Latin Empire.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe Fourth Crusade is remembered for being one of the most controversial in history. Proclaimed by Pope Innocent III, it originally aimed to reclaim Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim control. However, financial difficulties plagued the crusaders, leading to their indebtedness to the Doge of Venice while securing ships for passage across the Mediterranean. To offset this debt, the crusaders attacked the Catholic city of Zara under Venetian direction, an unprecedented act of Catholics assaulting a fellow Catholic city. The Pope, outraged by their actions, temporarily excommunicated the entire crusader army.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eOut of funds and far from their intended destination, the Latin crusaders shifted their focus to the Byzantine Empire for monetary gain. In 1203 they laid siege to Constantinople, the Orthodox Christian capital, an event marked by extreme violence and plundering. The original mission to retake Jerusalem was abandoned, and the Latin Empire was established in 1204, heralding a brief period of unstable Catholic rule over parts of modern day Greece and Turkey. This empire survived for only 57 years before Byzantine forces reclaimed the territory in 1261.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe coins in question were minted either by the Latin Empire or its vassal, the Kingdom of Thessalonica. Known as \u003cem\u003etrachae\u003c\/em\u003e (singular: trachy), they are marked by their cup shaped Byzantine-style design. Typically, the reverse features the reigning emperors, while the obverse often depicts Jesus and occasionally the Virgin Mary.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll items include a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":47207402570012,"sku":"MR-BYZ-LATIN","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553807368476,"sku":"MR-BYZ-LATIN-NO","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Latinrulersofbyz_6a5182af-4313-4d02-8668-0e163d3cb92e.png?v=1743105040"},{"product_id":"the-mongol-collection-coins-of-the-4-khanates-1242-to-1502-ce-mongol-empire","title":"The Mongol Collection, Coins of the Four Khanates - 1242 to 1502 CE - Mongol Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003eIn 1206 CE, a Mongol leader named Temüjin, better known as \u003cstrong\u003eGenghis Khan\u003c\/strong\u003e, united the Mongol tribes and began conquering parts of China and Central Asia. He quickly gained momentum, pushing further to the south and west, and eventually built the largest contiguous empire in history: the \u003cstrong\u003eMongol Empire\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, when Genghis died in 1227, it raised questions about who would succeed him. His third son, Ögedei Khan, was first to inherit the empire, taking the position of Great Khan. However, loyalties began to fracture in the different territories of the empire, and it officially split in 1259 after the fourth Great Khan, Möngke, died with no successor.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFour individual states emerged, each known as \"khanates:\" the \u003cstrong\u003eGolden Horde\u003c\/strong\u003e in Eastern Europe and northern Asia, the \u003cstrong\u003eYuan dynasty\u003c\/strong\u003e in China, the \u003cstrong\u003eIlkhanate\u003c\/strong\u003e in the Middle East, and the \u003cstrong\u003eChagatai Khanate\u003c\/strong\u003e in Central Asia. This collection of four coins includes \u003cstrong\u003eone coin from each of the khanates\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/640px-Mongol_Empire_map_1297_1024x1024.png?v=1707506230\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe four Mongol khanates (\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Mongol_Empire_map_1297.png\"\u003esource\u003c\/a\u003e)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3 style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe Golden Horde, various rulers (1242 - 1502 CE)\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe Golden Horde was the name given to the part of the Mongol Empire that controlled Eastern Europe and northern Central Asia. The smaller silver dirhams used in this collection were minted under various Golden Horde rulers.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe khanate was founded by the grandson of Genghis Khan, Batu Khan. The inspiration for the name \"Golden Horde\" is unclear, though it's theorized that it may have been due to the color of the tents they used, or because the word \"gold\" could also mean \"central\" in the Mongol language.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: start;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: start;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"margin-bottom: 16px; float: none;\" alt=\"The Golden Horde Defeated at Kulikovo\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/11316_1024x1024.jpg?v=1707509018\" data-mce-style=\"margin-bottom: 16px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: start;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: start;\"\u003e— \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e— —\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-mce-style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe Yuan Dynasty, Külüg Khan (Emperor Wuzong), China (1310 - 1311 CE)\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Yuan dynasty was a Mongol-led imperial Chinese dynasty established by Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan. This collection contains a Yuan dynasty Zhi Da Tong Bao cash coin minted under Külüg Khan, who was the third Yuan emperor.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThough Genghis Khan was initially declared as the ruler of China in 1206, it was not considered an official dynasty until Kublai proclaimed it in the traditional Han style in 1271. The Yuan dynasty would eventually weaken in the mid-1300s, with the Mongols retreating north to Mongolia and giving way to the rise of the Ming dynasty.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" alt=\"Portrait of Kulug Khan\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Kulugkhan_1024x1024.jpg?v=1707509437\" data-mce-style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e— \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e— \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e—\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch3 style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe Ilkhanate, Togha Temür (1336 - 1353 CE)\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Ilkhanate was the southwestern region of the Mongol Empire, covering much of the Middle East. This collection includes a silver six dirham coin struck under \u003cb data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eTogha Temür\u003c\/b\u003e, who ruled at the very end of the Ilkhanate's existence and was the last major claimant to the throne who was a descendent of Genghis Khan.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIlkhanate derives from “Ilkhan,” meaning the “ruler of a pacified area,” a title which was given to Mongol General Hulego by his older brother and ruler of then-ruler of the Mongol Empire, Mongke Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan. The Ilkhanate endured rivalries with the neighboring Chagatai Khanate and Golden Horde, and met its end in the mid-14th century after breaking up into factions that left it vulnerable to the Golden Horde.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" alt=\"Hulegu \u0026amp; Dokuz Kathun, unknown artist\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/11447_1024x1024.jpg?v=1707505145\" data-mce-style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e— \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e— —\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch3 data-mce-style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003eThe Chagatai Khanate, Bayan Qulï Khan (1348 - 1359 CE)\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Chagatai Khanate was composed of the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan. The Chagatayid coin in this collection is a silver dinar from the reign of Bayan Qulï Khan.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Chagatayids originally acknowledged the power of the Great Khan, who the leader of the entire Mongol Empire that was established by Genghis Khan. However, this ceased by the reign of his grandson, Kublai, and the region started functioning separately in 1259. The khanate began to slowly fragment in the 14th century, and the last Chagatayid ruler was removed from power in 1705.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach collection comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":47746229731612,"sku":"COL-MONGOLS","price":154.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553804878108,"sku":"COL-MONGOLS-NO","price":134.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/MongolCollectionbookshelfbg.png?v=1743105011"},{"product_id":"abbasid-caliphate-silver-dirham-caliph-al-rashid-c-779-to-808-ce-middle-east","title":"Abbasid Caliphate, Silver Dirham - c. 750 to 1258 CE - Middle East","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese silver dirhams were struck by the \u003cstrong\u003eAbbasid Caliphate\u003c\/strong\u003e, a Middle Eastern empire that was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet \u003cstrong\u003eMuhammad\u003c\/strong\u003e. Though no specific ruler's name is present on the coins, each was usually inscribed with the Islamic year in which it was minted.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDue to an Islamic tradition against producing many types of images, these coins don't show the portrait of a ruler or any deity—rather, both sides of the coin show only the date, name of the current ruler, and religious declarations in \u003cstrong\u003eKufic script \u003c\/strong\u003e(a style of Arabic).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the aversion of images should not be confused with a lack of culture—the Abbasid Caliphate is synonymous with the \u003cstrong\u003eGolden Age of Islam\u003c\/strong\u003e, a period in which science, culture, and invention flourished that ended with the \u003cstrong\u003eMongol invasion\u003c\/strong\u003e in 1258. Though the caliphate still existed in a limited capacity until 1517, the days of extraordinary cultural advancement had long since ended.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":47938901967132,"sku":"MR-ABBASID-DIRHAM","price":64.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553801994524,"sku":"MR-ABBASID-DIRHAM-NO","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/abbasid_dirham.png?v=1743104998"},{"product_id":"islam-medieval-square-dirhams-almohads-marinids-1121-to-1465-spain-n-africa","title":"Islam: Medieval Square Dirhams, Almohads \u0026 Marinids - 1121 to 1465 - Islamic Spain \u0026 Africa","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThese curiously shaped silver \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003edirham\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e coins date back to the medieval period, during the Islamic control of Spain and North Africa. Though the coins look nearly the same, one dates from the \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb\u003eAlmohad Caliphate\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e (1180–1212 CE) and one is from the following \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb\u003eMaranid Sultanate\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e (1244–1465 CE).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe story of Islamic rule in Spain and Northern Africa began with Arab Muslim forces conquering Byzantine-controlled Africa in the mid-600s and taking Spain from the Visigoths in the early 700s CE. This ushered in 800 years of Islamic rule in Spain, a period known as \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb\u003eAl-Andalus\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/1280px-Almohad_dynasty_of_Morocco-en_svg.png?v=1711057788\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe Almohad Caliphate's greatest territorial extent in the early 13th century (Source: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Almohad_dynasty_of_Morocco-en.svg\"\u003eWikimedia\u003c\/a\u003e)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe Almohad Caliphate was a Berber Masmuda Muslim tribe that took control of the area in the late 1100s. They professed the ideas of the religious scholar Ibn Tumart, whose followers were called \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eal-Muwaḥḥidūn\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e or Almohads; literally, those who profess the unity of God. Therefore, coins minted under the Almohads bear the declaration \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e”al-mahdi imamunâ”\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e (al-Mahdi is our Imam).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eTribal revolts whittled away at the Caliphate’s control over its African territories, paving the way for the success of the rise of the Marinid Sultanate, a different faction of the Berber Tribes, who overthrew the Almohads in Morocco in 1244. They proceeded to mint nearly identical coins, but replaced the declaration above with “\u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eal-qur'an imamunâ”\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e (the Qur'an is our Imam).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eMany theories have formed to explain why these coins were made square instead of round. While it certainly made them easier to cut from a larger piece of metal, most agree that the square symbolism was an intentional design choice. The Almohad incorporated squares into other designs as well, and the coins were likely made square to further project the empire's power.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\" data-mce-style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eEach includes a \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\" data-mce-style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\" data-mce-style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":48121204965660,"sku":"COL-MR-ALM-MAR","price":54.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553800257820,"sku":"COL-MR-ALM-MAR-NO","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Islamsquaredirhamscolinbox.png?v=1743104990"},{"product_id":"byzantine-empire-lead-document-seal-c-500-to-1100-ce-eastern-europe","title":"Byzantine Empire, Lead Document Seal - c. 500 to 1100 CE - Eastern Europe","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese Byzantine lead seals, or \u003cem\u003ebullae\u003c\/em\u003e, were used to authenticate documents, ensuring that they had come from their official sender and had not been tampered with. Each has a unique design used by a specific individual, similar to a modern day signature.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe most common seals were marked with inscriptions or monograms, usually in Greek. Less common were iconographic seals, which often depicted imagery of Christ, various Saints or the Virgin Mary. The use of seals in the Byzantine Empire was limited until about the 7th century CE, although they eventually saw widespread use by all social classes, including local government, the military, the church, nobility, and even the emperor himself.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeals were made with a variety of different materials, including gold, silver, and wax, though most surviving seals were made from lead. The casting process involved the use of a tool called a \u003cem\u003eboulloterion\u003c\/em\u003e, which pressed small, blank lead disks onto strings attached to the document that was being sealed. This tool looked\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e similar to a pair of pliers, and was also used to imprint the user's unique inscriptions or imagery onto the lead. Preserved examples of boulloteria are rare, as they were typically destroyed upon the death or retirement of their owner for security purposes.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Average Grade: partial details \u0026 some corrosion","offer_id":48983989453084,"sku":"MR-BYZ-PB-SEAL-AVG","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Higher Grade: better details \u0026 cleaner surfaces","offer_id":48984005280028,"sku":"MR-BYZ-PB-SEAL-HIGH","price":64.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Average Grade: partial details \u0026 some corrosion","offer_id":51553795408156,"sku":"MR-BYZ-PB-SEAL-AVG-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Higher Grade: better details \u0026 cleaner surfaces","offer_id":51553795440924,"sku":"MR-BYZ-PB-SEAL-HIGH-NO","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Byzantine_lead_seal_in_box.png?v=1743104962"},{"product_id":"pakistan-habbari-emirate-silver-damma-c-854-to-1011-ce-south-asia","title":"Pakistan, Habbari Emirate, Silver Damma - c. 854 to 1011 CE - South Asia","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese silver damma are from the Habbari dynasty, a semi-independent Arab emirate that ruled the Sindh territory from 854 to 1024. The Habbari dynasty pledged nominal allegiance to the Abassid Caliphate, but retained much of its independence and gained prominence during the Umayyad rule.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Umayyad invasions of the Sindh territory marked a brutal era beginning in 711. Initially, the Caliph of the Umayyad offered the Brahmin ruler Raja Dahir protection in exchange for aiding the Umayyads with issues of piracy. However, conflict erupted after it was found that a pirate raid resulted in gifts meant for the Umayyad caliph from the king of Serendib (now Sri Lanka) being stolen. This would be the precipice of a broader invasion and mass brutality against the population of Sindh, who were primarily Buddhist and Hindu, and increasing pressure from the Arab empire to convert the population to Islam. In 712, Arab miitary commander Mohammad Bin Qasim defeated the Brahmin dynasty and annexed it to the Umayyad Caliphate.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Habbari history in the Sindh region predated the Islamic presence. With the founder of the Habbari Emirate arriving approximately five or six generations prior. The family achieved a prominent status and were highly engaged in politics of the Arabian peninsula, and had established close relationships with the Umayyad and Abbasid emirs. While they became ingrained in the Sindh community, even marrying locals, the Habbari maintained their Arab identity and tradition. This balance of established Arab loyalty and cultural familiarity allowed the Habbari state (known as Mansura after the city designated as the capital) to function in relative peace. Mansura would be the first capital formed on the Indian subcontinent by Muslims.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is relatively little left written about the Habbari, but some historians speculate this is because when the Habbari took power, they took an interest in establishing peace in the area and preserving their land but showed less interest in conquest. The Habbari continued to rule until they were defeated by Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi in 1026, who would destroy the capital of Mansura and annex the region to the Ghaznavid Empire, effectively ending Arab rule in the Sindh region.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":49179770585372,"sku":"MR-HABBARI-DM","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553794392348,"sku":"MR-HABBARI-DM-NO","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Habbari_damma_in_box.png?v=1743104955"},{"product_id":"poland-king-sigismund-iii-silver-3-polker-1614-to-1627-ce-polish-lithuanian-commonwealth","title":"Poland, King Sigismund III, Silver 3 Polker - 1614 to 1627 CE - Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","description":"\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThese late medieval three polker coins were issued during the reign of Sigismund III Vasa, who ruled as the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1587 to 1632. They were struck to address the financial crisis and rising inflation due to the 30 Years War. Three polker coins were minted with a relatively high silver content with purity in the early years hovering at approximately 80%. The higher silver content, along with monetary reforms related to exchange rates, led to hoarding in neighboring countries.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cspan class=\"Apple-tab-span\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBy the 1620s, the coins were widely distributed throughout Transylvania, alongside the depreciated local currency. Silver purity of the coins notably declined during this period, which was reflected in exchange rates established by the Transylvanian Diet, a judicial and legislative body of the Transylvanian Principality, under Prince Gabriel Bethlen. There has been much debate over the perceived devaluation of three polker coins, as historical accounts conflict as to how much if any debasement had occurred on Polish coinage the same way local Transylvanian currency had been devalued. Evidence of hoarded high quality three polker coins in Transylvania contradicted this belief, and modern research suggests that while three polker coins experienced a decline in silver content during this period, though it was not to the extent suggested by the exchange rates. By 1626, Bethlen implemented a monetary reform which led to the collection and melting of forged three polker coins with the lower silver content, effectively removing the lower value coins from circulation, and the restored, higher silver content three polker coins continued production.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":49454023049500,"sku":"MR-POL-SIG-3POLK","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553793376540,"sku":"MR-POL-SIG-3POLK-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Poland_Sigismund_III.png?v=1743104946"},{"product_id":"great-mongols-genghis-khan-lifetime-issue-bronze-jital-1206-to-1227-ce-mongol-empire","title":"Great Mongols, Genghis Khan Lifetime Issue, Bronze Jital - 1206 to 1227 CE - Mongol Empire","description":"\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThese bronze \u003cem\u003ejital\u003c\/em\u003e coins of the Great Mongols were struck during the lifetime of \u003cstrong\u003eGenghis Khan\u003c\/strong\u003e, born as \u003cstrong\u003eTemüjin\u003c\/strong\u003e, who united the Mongol tribes and created the largest contiguous empire in history. They are believed to have been minted in the city of Ghazna about 800 years ago, which is now part of modern day Afghanistan. The coins are covered in Arabic script, including Genghis' title of \u003cem\u003eal-khaqan al-‘adil al-a‘zam,\u003c\/em\u003e which translates to \"The Khan of Khans, the Great Lord.\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGenghis Khan's reign began in 1206, and his conquest expanded the Mongol Empire across Asia and into Europe. By 1227, the empire had expanded to encompass 24 million square kilometers and a wide range of cultures.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCoins were not originally used by the Mongols, as they\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e measured their wealth in horses, sheep, and cattle, but currency was used in many of the societies they conquered. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAs they expanded their power into the urban domains of the Middle East and China, they had to adapt to the use of currency as it was familiar to its given population.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBecause of this, the coinage produced by the Mongols looks very similar to Islamic or Chinese coins of the era. Genghis Khan would also establish a unified monetary system, standardizing the use of silver and other precious metals as forms of currency, and introduced consistency in trade across the Mongol Empire. This contributed to the empire’s economic stability and marked a critical development in monetary history for the Mongols under Genghis' reign.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine. These coins are attributed as A-1969 in Stephen Album's \u003cem\u003eChecklist of Islamic Coins, 3rd Edition\u003c\/em\u003e (2011).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":49497988137244,"sku":"MR-GENGHIS-KHAN","price":254.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553793179932,"sku":"MR-GENGHIS-KHAN-NO","price":239.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Genghis_khan_jital_30828770-aa6c-4c15-a22a-e31967c00983.png?v=1743104943"},{"product_id":"turko-mongols-timurid-or-shaybanid-bronze-dangi-c-1480-to-1530-ce-central-asia","title":"Turko–Mongols, Timurids or Shaybanids, Bronze Dangi - c. 1480 to 1530 CE - Central Asia","description":"\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThese bronze dangis were struck by the Turko-Mongols of Central Asia, specifically during the reigns of the Timurid or early Shaybanid dynasties.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAll four khanates of the original Mongol Empire had collapsed by the year 1368, but this did not mark the end of Mongol-style governance and culture. Rather, this tradition would be continued by the Turko-Mongols, an ethnocultural group that formed as the Mongols gradually adopted the Turkic languages and Islamic religion of their conquered subjects.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe Turko-Mongols established several successor states to the Mongol Empire, including the Timurid Empire and the Shaybanid dynasty. They carried forward many Mongol principles, with Timur, the founder of the Timurid dynasty, even envisioning himself as the warlord who would restore Genghis Khan's empire.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese bronze dangi coins likely circulated widely across Central Asia’s Mongol successor states, serving as a regional currency rather than a local one. They are often found heavily worn and in large hoards, indicating frequent use. Most were issued anonymously, without the name of any particular ruler, and the crude striking of these coins reflects a focus on utility over design.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":49810482757916,"sku":"MR-TIMUR-SHAB-DG","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553791607068,"sku":"MR-TIMUR-SHAB-DG-NO","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Turko_mongols_in_box.jpg?v=1743104930"},{"product_id":"crusader-states-principality-of-antioch-tancred-price-of-galilee-1101-to-1112-ad-the-crusades","title":"Crusader States, Principality of Antioch, Tancred (Prince of Galilee) - 1101 to 1112 CE - The Crusades","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese copper coins were struck shortly after the First Crusade (1096–1099) in the Principality of Antioch, which was established by Crusader forces after conquering parts of modern day Syria and Turkey. They were minted under Tancred, the Prince of Galilee, who ruled Antioch as a regent in the early 12th century. The coins themselves feature Saint Peter on the obverse side, usually holding a cross, while the reverses show different assortments of legends, including \"Lord help your servant, Tancred.\"\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA member of the Norman House of Hauteville, Tancred led the First Crusade in 1096 alongside his maternal uncle. Unlike other crusaders, Tancred refused to swear loyalty to Emperor Alexius I of Byzantium, which would have required returning conquered lands to the empire.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA skilled military commander, Tancred played key roles in the capture of Nicaea and the siege of Antioch. He was among the first crusaders to enter Jerusalem in 1099 CE. Due to his successes, he was named Prince of Galilee when the Kingdom of Jerusalem was established. Fluent in Arabic and a strategic leader, Tancred used his family ties and faith to solidify his rule.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1100, Tancred became Regent of the Principality of Antioch, expanding its territory by capturing Byzantine lands. He maintained his refusal to swear loyalty to Alexius, keeping Antioch independent for decades. Despite regional instability, Antioch thrived economically as a crucial trade hub for both Muslims and Christians. Though little is written about his regency, Tancred continued to wage war against the Turks and Byzantines until his death from typhoid fever in 1112.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":49989193203996,"sku":"MR-ANT-TANCRED","price":59.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553791115548,"sku":"MR-ANT-TANCRED-NO","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Antioch_Tancred.png?v=1743104926"},{"product_id":"mongols-golden-horde-copper-coin-1242-to-1502-ce-central-asia","title":"Mongols, Golden Horde, Copper Coin - 1242 to 1502 CE - Central Asia","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese copper coins originate from the Golden Horde, which was one of the four khanates that formed out of the original Mongol Empire. All have Arabic inscriptions, as the Mongols had adopted Islam in this region. Some coins also have patterns like lions, suns, or other geometric designs.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Golden Horde was the name given to the part of the Mongol Empire that controlled Eastern Europe and northern Central Asia. The khanate was founded by the grandson of Genghis Khan, Batu Khan. The inspiration for the name \"Golden Horde\" is unclear, though it's theorized that it may have been due to the color of the tents they used, or because the word \"gold\" could also mean \"central\" in the Mongol language.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":50601744007452,"sku":"MR-MNG-GHCOPR","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553788428572,"sku":"MR-MNG-GHCOPR-NO","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/golden_horde_copper_in_box_fa466485-7b6d-40a5-8a2e-b8b1aa09b68e.jpg?v=1743104903"},{"product_id":"china-song-dynasty-emperor-huizong-da-guan-tong-bao-coin-1107-to-1110-ce-medieval-china","title":"China, Song Dynasty, Emperor Huizong, \"Da Guan Tong Bao\" Coin - 1107 to 1110 CE - Medieval China","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese copper coins, inscribed with 大觀通寶 (Da Guan Tong Bao), were minted under Emperor Huizong of China's Northern Song dynasty in the early 12th century. They are prized for their unusually elegant script, which reflects Emperor Huizong's personal passion for the arts and calligraphy.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe Northern \u0026amp; Southern Song Dynasty:\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEstablished in AD 960, the Song Dynasty brought relative stability in China despite continuing conflict with the Tartars and Mongols. By AD 1127, the northern provinces were lost to them, and the capitol was moved from the north to the south. The Song Dynasty is thus often divided into the Northern Period (Bei) and Southern Period (Nan), as the dynasty ruled exclusively in South China after 1127.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe early Northern Song Dynasty flourished culturally and economically. Bronze coins were originally the primary currency. Bronze coins were widely circulated and sometimes exported to neighboring regions. The use of bronze cash coins began to decline, however, during the Southern Nan period. In part, this was because the southern capitol Lin’an (modern day Hangzhou) was not near any significant copper deposits, leading to a decrease in production. Production shifted to iron coins beginning in 1180 until the end of the Song Dynasty, and the Song Dynasty also introduced paper money.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile bronze coins became more rare, they continued to play an important economic role. They remained the standard for measuring the value of other currency, and the government continued to use them in combination with paper and silver money to pay salaries.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe scarcity did lead to economic challenges, however, including “currency famines,\" which forced the Song government to adapt their monetary policy and establish a permanent system of paper money.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":51219805110556,"sku":"MR-CHINA-SNG-DAGUAN","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553785577756,"sku":"MR-CHINA-SNG-DAGUAN-NO","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Song_daguan_tongbao.jpg?v=1743104882"},{"product_id":"the-crusades-italy-city-of-ancona-1-denier-1250-to-1348-ce-the-crusades","title":"The Crusades, Italy, City of Ancona, 1 Denier - 1250 to 1348 CE - The Crusades","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese medieval one \u003cem\u003edenier\u003c\/em\u003e coins were produced in the city of Ancona, Italy, around the time of the Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth Crusades. The obverse side shows a cross with the legend \"DE ANCONA,\" while the reverse shows the letters \"CVS\" encircled by the legend \"PP · S · QVI · RI · A.\" They are made of a type of debased silver called billon.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFounded as a Greek colony around 390 BCE, Ancona is a historic port city on Italy’s Adriatic coast. Ancona experienced many invasions over the centuries, but always managed to recover and eventually emerged as a semi-independent maritime republic in the Middle Ages. Ancona was governed by an oligarchic system of six elders, elected from three divisions which made up the state. The republic maintained its independence even from the Papal States during the mid-1100s, with Pope Alexander III declaring Ancona a “free city” under the Church’s protection. This allowed Ancona to maintain its self-governance while still remaining allied with the Papal States during the ongoing conflicts with the Holy Roman Empire. In practice, this meant that Ancona continued to run as an independent city as long as it pledged loyalty to the Pope.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIssuing its own currency played an important role in Ancona’s trade as an assertion of independence and right to regulate its own economic affairs. The usage of these coins in daily life enabled smoother trade with foreign merchants and lent credibility to its reputation as a reliable trading partner, and reinforced the city’s legal and commercial systems, which prioritized merchants’ rights and contract enforcement. Deniers served not only as a medium of exchange but as a visible, tangible emblem of Ancona’s political autonomy during the complex territorial disputes of the Middle Ages.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":52103764607260,"sku":"MR-CRUS-ANCONA","price":99.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":52103764640028,"sku":"MR-CRUS-ANCONA-NO","price":84.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/ancona_denier_in_box.jpg?v=1750453388"},{"product_id":"spanish-states-kingdom-of-castile-and-leon-henry-iv-blanca-1471-to-1474-ce-medieval-spain","title":"Spanish States, Kingdom of Castile and Leon, Henry IV, Blanca - 1471 to 1474 CE - Medieval Spain","description":"\u003cp data-start=\"159\" data-end=\"446\"\u003eThese medieval \u003cstrong data-start=\"174\" data-end=\"184\"\u003eblanca\u003c\/strong\u003e coins were struck during the reign of \u003cstrong data-start=\"223\" data-end=\"255\"\u003eHenry IV of Castile and León\u003c\/strong\u003e (1454–1474). They were made of \u003cstrong data-start=\"287\" data-end=\"297\"\u003ebillon\u003c\/strong\u003e, a low-grade silver alloy, and featured a \u003cstrong data-start=\"350\" data-end=\"360\"\u003ecastle\u003c\/strong\u003e on one side (the emblem of Castile) and a \u003cstrong data-start=\"403\" data-end=\"411\"\u003elion\u003c\/strong\u003e on the other (the emblem of León).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"448\" data-end=\"1044\"\u003eAt the time these coins were struck, the nation that we now call Spain was still a \u003cstrong data-start=\"497\" data-end=\"522\"\u003epatchwork of kingdoms\u003c\/strong\u003e, each with its own language, culture, and rulers. The most important were Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and the Muslim Emirate of Granada in the south, while Portugal had already established itself as an independent kingdom. These realms often clashed or allied with one another, bound together by the long struggle between Christians and Muslims known as the \u003cstrong data-start=\"879\" data-end=\"894\"\u003eReconquista\u003c\/strong\u003e. A turning point came in \u003cstrong data-start=\"920\" data-end=\"928\"\u003e1469\u003c\/strong\u003e, when Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castile, laying the groundwork for the eventual unification of Spain.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"1046\" data-end=\"1633\"\u003eHenry IV’s reign came just before this union. Known as \u003cstrong data-start=\"1101\" data-end=\"1126\"\u003e“Henry the Impotent,”\u003c\/strong\u003e he faced a troubled rule marked by political unrest and disputes over succession. His inability to keep the nobility under control led to civil wars, while doubts over the legitimacy of his daughter \u003cstrong data-start=\"1326\" data-end=\"1336\"\u003eJoanna\u003c\/strong\u003e (suspected of being illegitimate) further destabilized the kingdom. When Henry died, Castile split between supporters of Joanna and those of his half-sister \u003cstrong data-start=\"1494\" data-end=\"1506\"\u003eIsabella\u003c\/strong\u003e, who ultimately prevailed. Isabella’s victory, alongside Ferdinand, paved the way for the creation of a unified Spanish crown.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":52959723290908,"sku":"MR-CSTLEON-H4-BL","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":52959723323676,"sku":"MR-CSTLEON-H4-BL-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Castile_leon_Henry_iv_blanca_in_box.jpg?v=1757712408"},{"product_id":"china-tang-dynasty-kaiyuan-tongbao-bronze-cash-coin-621-to-907-ce-medieval-china","title":"China, Tang Dynasty, \"Kaiyuan Tongbao\" Bronze Cash Coin - 621 to 907 CE - Medieval China","description":"\u003cp data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"318\"\u003eThe \u003cstrong data-start=\"4\" data-end=\"30\"\u003eKaiyuan Tongbao (开元通宝)\u003c\/strong\u003e was the standard copper coin introduced in \u003cstrong data-start=\"74\" data-end=\"84\"\u003e621 CE\u003c\/strong\u003e during the reign of \u003cstrong data-start=\"105\" data-end=\"122\"\u003eEmperor Gaozu\u003c\/strong\u003e, founder of the \u003cstrong data-start=\"139\" data-end=\"155\"\u003eTang dynasty\u003c\/strong\u003e. Its name, meaning “Circulating Treasure of the Kaiyuan Era,” marked the beginning of a unified, enduring monetary system after centuries of fragmented coinage.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"320\" data-end=\"707\"\u003eWhat made it most significant was its wide influence—the Kaiyuan Tongbao became the model for East Asian coinage in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam for centuries. The value of these coins would also become standardized by the government, whereas previously the value of cash coins was assigned based on weight. Starting in the Ming dynasty, Kaiyuan Tongbao coins would also become one of the most important types of cash coins to be used in \u003cstrong\u003etraditional Chinese medicine\u003c\/strong\u003e, due to a belief that the materials used in the coins and the green patina that developed over time could be used to cure certain diseases.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"709\" data-end=\"1066\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\"\u003eThe \u003cstrong data-start=\"713\" data-end=\"742\"\u003eTang dynasty (618–907 CE)\u003c\/strong\u003e itself was a \u003cstrong data-start=\"756\" data-end=\"794\"\u003egolden age of Chinese civilization\u003c\/strong\u003e, known for its cosmopolitan capital at Chang’an, thriving Silk Road trade, flourishing arts, and openness to foreign cultures and religions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":53141125005596,"sku":"MR-CHINA-TANG","price":22.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":53141125038364,"sku":"MR-CHINA-TANG-NO","price":7.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/kaiyuan_tongbao_in_box.jpg?v=1760118352"},{"product_id":"france-county-of-nevers-herve-iv-of-donzy-silver-denier-1199-to-1223-ad-the-crusades","title":"France, County of Nevers, Hervé IV of Donzy, Silver Denier - 1199 to 1223 CE - The Crusades","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese silver deniers were minted under Hervé IV of Donzy, a prominent French nobleman who became Count of Nevers. Like many nobles of his generation, Hervé took part in the wider religious and military movements of the age, joining the Fifth Crusade and dying shortly after or during his return from the eastern Mediterranean.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Fifth Crusade (1217 - 1221) was a papally directed effort that aimed to seize Egypt—the strategic center of Ayyubid power—as the key to restoring Christian control over Jerusalem. Crusader forces, including French nobles such as Hervé, successfully captured the Egyptian port city of Damietta after a lengthy siege but squandered the advantage through poor leadership, internal disagreements, and an overconfident advance toward Cairo that ended in disaster when the Nile’s floodwaters trapped their army. Forced to surrender Damietta, the crusaders returned home with little to show for the campaign, leaving the Holy Land’s balance of power largely unchanged and marking the expedition as one of the more costly failures of the medieval crusading movement.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe obverse of these coins bears the legend \"COMЄS ЄRVЄVS\" (Count Harvey), which surrounds a sickle and star. The reverse bears the legend \"NIVЄRNIS CIVIT\" (City of Nevers) around a cross.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":53335809425692,"sku":"MR-FR-HERVEIV","price":74.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":53335809458460,"sku":"MR-FR-HERVEIV-NO","price":59.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/frenchdeniers.jpg?v=1763153827"},{"product_id":"byzantine-empire-anonymous-follis-portrait-of-jesus-christ-969-to-1118-ce-byzantine-empire","title":"Byzantine Empire, Anonymous Follis, Portrait of Jesus Christ - 969 to 1118 CE - Byzantine Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese bronze coins of the Byzantine Empire were issued anonymously under various emperors, with the usual imperial portraits being replaced by a portrait of Jesus Christ. Collectively, these issues are known as anonymous Byzantine folles—“follis” being the denomination, with “folles” as its plural form.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough images of Christ eventually became common on Byzantine coinage, they appeared very gradually. The earliest known depiction of Jesus on a coin dates to the reign of Justinian II (685 - 695 CE), when his portrait was introduced on a gold solidus. Bronze coinage, however, did not adopt Christ’s image until much later—nearly a millennium after the traditional date of Christ’s birth.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA major shift occurred in the late tenth century under Emperor John I Tzimisces, who reigned from 969 to 976 CE. From his reign onward, and lasting for roughly 123 years, Byzantine emperors ceased placing their own likenesses on bronze coins. Instead, these issues featured Christ alone, emphasizing the emperor’s subordinate role to divine authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost of these coins depict a bearded bust of Christ framed by a cross and encircled by a halo. While the obverse design remained relatively consistent, the reverses vary in layout and inscription, with the most frequently encountered legends proclaiming either “Jesus Christ, King of Kings,\" or the phrase “May Jesus Christ Conquer.”\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":53501157343516,"sku":"MR-BYZ-ANON-FOL","price":99.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":53501157376284,"sku":"MR-BYZ-ANON-FOL-NO","price":84.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/anonfollisinbox.jpg?v=1765569425"},{"product_id":"mongols-the-ilkhanate-togha-temur-period-of-the-black-death-1336-to-1353-ce-mongol-khanates","title":"Mongols, The Ilkhanate, Togha Temür (Time of the Black Death) - 1336 to 1353 CE - Mongol Khanates","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese copper \"fals\" coins were minted by the Ilkhanate, one of the four Mongol khanates that formed out of the original conquests of Genghis Khan. The coins were struck during the time of Togha Temür, a descendant of Genghis Khan's brother, who claimed the Ilkhanate throne from 1337 to 1353. This was also the time in which the Ilkhanate was hardest hit by the Black Death, before the infamous disease spread westward and killed up to half of Europe's population.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eShortly after the death of Genghis Khan, his vast empire split into four separate states controlled by his descendants. These smaller empires were called \"khanates,\" and consisted of the Yuan dynasty in China, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, the Golden Horde in Eastern Europe, and the Ilkhanate, which was centered around modern day Iran.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Mongols in the Ilkhanate were not ethnically Iranian, but nonetheless tried to present themselves as the heirs of the ancient Sasanian Empire--one of the high points of Persian civilization. The later Ilkhanate rulers assimilated with local traditions as well, such as converting to Islam. They took significant inspiration from the Chinese system of government, with their leaders adopting the dragon clothing of Imperial China and even creating official seals with Chinese characters.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Black Death played a major role in the weakening and decline of the Ilkhanate, as the last official ilkan and his son died by the disease in 1335. With no clear line of succession, many challengers rose to claim the Ilkhanate throne, including Togha Temür. The empire eventually disintegrated into multiple smaller states, ceasing to exist.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":53823967265052,"sku":"MR-MNG-ILK-TIMUR","price":22.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":53823967297820,"sku":"MR-MNG-ILK-TIMUR-NO","price":7.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Ilkhanate_timur_in_box.jpg?v=1769749207"},{"product_id":"umayyad-caliphate-anonymous-silver-dirham-697-to-750-ce-islamic-caliphates","title":"Umayyad Caliphate, Anonymous Silver Dirham - 697 to 750 CE - Islamic Caliphates","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese silver dirhams were struck at Wasit between 738 and 744 CE, during the later years of the Umayyad Caliphate under Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik and his immediate successors. Wasit, founded in the late 7th century as a military and administrative center, became one of the premier mints of the eastern Islamic world.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUmayyad dirhams are notable for their inscriptional design. Unlike earlier Byzantine or Sasanian coinage that featured rulers or religious imagery, these coins bear only Arabic inscriptions drawn from Qur’anic text and declarations of faith. This reform, introduced under the Umayyads in the late 7th century, created a distinctly Islamic coinage that emphasized religious message over portraiture.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdministrative centers like Wasit were responsible for taxation, military logistics, and producing the silver currency that moved along trade routes stretching from the Mediterranean to Central Asia. These dirhams would have circulated widely across that network, facilitating commerce in a rapidly interconnected world.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese issues come from the final decades of Umayyad rule before the Abbasid Revolution of 750 CE. As such, they are products of a mature but increasingly pressured empire, reflecting both the administrative sophistication and the political tensions of the late Umayyad period.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":53931068457244,"sku":"MR-UMAYYAD-DHM","price":99.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":53931068490012,"sku":"MR-UMAYYAD-DHM-NO","price":84.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/umayyad_dirham_in_box.jpg?v=1771528711"},{"product_id":"kingdom-of-bohemia-george-of-podebrady-1-heller-1458-to-1471-ce-medieval-europe","title":"Kingdom of Bohemia, George of Poděbrady, 1 Heller - 1458 to 1471 CE - Medieval Europe","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThese small silver hellers were struck during the reign of George of Poděbrady, who ruled the Kingdom of Bohemia (in the modern day Czech Republic) from 1458 to 1471 CE. An elected Bohemian noble rather than a foreign dynastic ruler, George came to power in the aftermath of the Hussite conflicts, a period of prolonged religious and political instability.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHe is notable for pursuing diplomatic solutions to Europe’s divisions rather than crusade, even proposing a cooperative league of Christian rulers, an idea some have described as a distant precursor to later European political congresses.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis coinage belongs to a transitional era in Central Europe, when new ideas about governance, diplomacy, and regional identity were beginning to emerge. Unlike large ceremonial issues, these hellers were intended for everyday use. They circulated widely among the working-class to form the backbone of the late medieval economy. Their typically crude strikes, irregular shapes, and compact size reflect rapid production and heavy use.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese coins feature the Bohemian lion and are uniface, meaning the design appears on only one side.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":53967459582236,"sku":"MR-BOHEMIA-GPOD","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":53967459615004,"sku":"MR-BOHEMIA-GPOD-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/bohemia_coin_in_box.jpg?v=1773443958"},{"product_id":"china-northern-song-dynasty-emperor-zhezong-iron-cash-coin-1093-to-1100-ce-medieval-china","title":"China, Northern Song Dynasty, Emperor Zhezong, Iron Cash Coin - 1093 to 1100 CE - Medieval China","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese iron cash coins were issued during the Northern Song dynasty under Emperor Zhezong (r. 1085-1100). Most Chinese cash coins at this time were cast in copper, which is what makes these issues unusual. The Song economy had grown so large by the late 11th century, that copper was in short supply. In response, the government expanded the production of iron coinage. However, the government became anxious about the outflow of iron currency into the Liao Empire and it’s potential use to be melted to make iron weapons; as a result, iron currency was ordered to be alloyed with tin during the smelting process.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe obverse carries the four-character inscription while the reverse is blank, as typical for Song cash coins. Iron issues often appear heavier and darker than copper coins and frequently show rougher surfaces due to the metal and casting process. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":54005611856156,"sku":"MR-CHINA-SNG-IRON","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":54005611888924,"sku":"MR-CHINA-SNG-IRON-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/EE-CHINA-SONG-IRON.jpg?v=1774641262"},{"product_id":"germany-free-imperial-city-of-nuremburg-silver-pfennig-1675-to-1700-ce-german-states","title":"Holy Roman Empire, Free Imperial City of Nuremburg, Silver Pfennig - 1675 to 1700 CE - German States","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese silver pfennigs were struck in the free Imperial City of Nuremberg between 1678 and 1700. Issued in the aftermath of the religious wars that reshaped Central Europe, the city remained a semi-autonomous republic within the Holy Roman Empire, governing itself under imperial authority while retaining the right to mint coinage for local use.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe obverse bears the city’s coat of arms with the date divided around the shield and a small cross beneath. The reverse is left blank, as struck. This single-sided format is typical of minor coinage intended for high-volume use as a way to quickly identify the issuing authority and year.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNuremberg was one of the Empire’s most important Imperial cities, becoming the \"unofficial capital\" when Emperor Charles IV (r. 1346-78) issued The Golden Bull of 1356 requiring newly elected German kings to hold their first official gathering in the city. These coins reflect the quiet history between the flourishing of the German Renaissance and before Nuremberg’s independence would come to an end in 1806 as a result of the Napoleonic Wars.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":54081394868508,"sku":"MR-HRE-NUREM","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":54081394901276,"sku":"MR-HRE-NUREM-NO","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/MR-HRE-NUREM.jpg?v=1777665719"},{"product_id":"kurzuwan-under-siege-by-genghis-khan-copper-jital-1221-ce-mongol-empire","title":"Kurzuwan Copper Jital, Struck During the Siege of Genghis Khan - 1221 CE - The Mongol Invasion","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese copper jitals were struck over a period of two months in Kurzuwan, located in modern-day Afghanistan, while the city was under siege by Mongol forces led by Genghis Khan. The coins bear Arabic inscriptions naming the malik (local ruler) of Kurzuwan, along with Islamic religious mottos rendered in Kufic script. Kurzuwan fell to the Mongols just a few weeks after these coins were minted, and the city was completely destroyed.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBorn as Temüjin, Genghis Khan united the Mongol tribes and created the largest contiguous empire in history. His reign began in 1206, and his conquest expanded the Mongol Empire across Asia and into Europe. By 1227, the empire had expanded to encompass 24 million square kilometers and a wide range of cultures.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoins were not originally used by the Mongols, as they measured their wealth in horses, sheep, and cattle, but currency was used in many of the societies they conquered. As they expanded their power into the urban domains of the Middle East and China, they had to adapt to the use of currency as it was familiar to its given population.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBecause of this, the coinage produced by the Mongols looks very similar to Islamic or Chinese coins of the era, and these jitals were originally attributed to Genghis Khan himself until modern research uncovered their true origin.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":54160951345436,"sku":"MR-MNG-SIEGE","price":119.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":54160951378204,"sku":"MR-MNG-SIEGE-NO","price":104.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/MR-MNG-SIEGE.jpg?v=1780086275"}],"url":"https:\/\/www.historyhoard.com\/collections\/medieval-times-regular-stock.oembed?page=2","provider":"History Hoard","version":"1.0","type":"link"}