{"title":"Featured Items","description":"","products":[{"product_id":"ancient-collection-six-empires","title":"The Ancient Collection - 100 AD - 6 Coins","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eAncient Collection\u003c\/strong\u003e features coins from six different cultures that flourished during antiquity. The collection includes:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eA \u003cstrong\u003eRoman\u003c\/strong\u003e bronze nummus from the Constantinian dynasty, featuring the portrait of Constantine the Great or one of his sons (c. 306 to 363 CE)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA bronze coin from the kingdom of \u003cstrong\u003eElymais\u003c\/strong\u003e, which existed near present day Iran during the Hellenistic period (c. 147 BCE to 224 CE)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA prutah from ancient \u003cstrong\u003eJudea\u003c\/strong\u003e, which bore witness to the tumultuous times of Roman occupation (c. 140 BCE to 70 CE)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA bronze coin from the \u003cstrong\u003eNabataean Kingdom\u003c\/strong\u003e, the builders of the famous rock carved city of Petra\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA \u003cstrong\u003eChinese\u003c\/strong\u003e wu zhu from the Han dynasty (141 to 87 BCE)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA copper coin from the \u003cstrong\u003eNagas of Narwar\u003c\/strong\u003e in India (200 to 340 CE)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThough lacking in precious metal content, these low denomination coins are especially interesting from a historical point of view because they were actually used in everyday transactions. As the currency of the common people, these coins were used to pay for a wide variety of goods and services, as well as taxes. They provide a glimpse into the everyday lives of people in ancient times and can tell us about the economy, trade, and social norms of the period.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThis collection comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e, and each of the coins has been professionally cleaned and conserved.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":12459383160879,"sku":"AC-COL-ANCFULL","price":109.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/PhotoRoom-20230823_154642.png?v=1743105378"},{"product_id":"american-civil-war-era-bullet-minie-ball","title":"Civil War, Union Minié Ball - 1860's - United States","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBuy a Union, Confederate, and fired Minie ball to get 15% off!\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.historyhoard.com\/products\/civil-war-minie-balls-set-of-3-1860s-united-states\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.historyhoard.com\/products\/civil-war-minie-balls-set-of-3-1860s-united-states\"\u003eClick here to get the full set.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e These three ring, .58 caliber \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMinié ball bullets\u003c\/strong\u003e were typically used by \u003cstrong\u003eUnion forces\u003c\/strong\u003e during the American Civil War. They were discovered using metal detectors on private land in \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003evarious camps and battlefields in \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eVirginia.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cspan\u003eMinié ball was a game changer for modern warfare. \u003c\/span\u003ePreviously, musket balls were inaccurate, low powered, and could take a full minute to load. Soldiers often just ended up using their bayonets instead.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the Minié ball changed that. Suddenly, rifles were more accurate, more deadly, and much more practical. The main advantage of this new style of musket ball was that it allowed for rifles to be fully utilized during combat, an impossible feat just a few years earlier. The \u003cspan\u003eMinié ball drastically shortened the time it took to reload, by both fitting easily down the barrel of a rifle and eliminating the need for constant cleaning. They also exited the barrel at bone shattering speeds and hit their mark with greater precision. For better or for worse, this new projectile had changed warfare forever.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eA Certificate of Authenticity is issued with every order, and includes information about where the specific bullet was found when available.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"margin-top: 40px; float: none;\" height=\"2048x2048\" width=\"2048x2048\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/1_b9a96851-5324-48f7-8ed7-9668208d6e81_2048x2048.png?v=1589581527\" data-mce-style=\"margin-top: 40px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePresident Lincoln visiting the battlefield at Antietam, 1862\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32906790928431,"sku":"AM-CW-MB-UNION","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the relic and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553829585180,"sku":"AM-CW-MB-UNION-NO","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Union.jpg?v=1743105376"},{"product_id":"civil-war-confederate-minie-ball-1860s-united-states","title":"Civil War, Confederate Minié Ball - 1860's - United States","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBuy a Union, Confederate, and fired Minie ball to get 15% off!\u003cspan\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.historyhoard.com\/products\/civil-war-minie-balls-set-of-3-1860s-united-states\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/www.historyhoard.com\/products\/civil-war-minie-balls-set-of-3-1860s-united-states\"\u003eClick here to get the full set.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e These .52 caliber ringtail Sharps \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMinié ball bullets\u003c\/strong\u003e were typically used by \u003cstrong\u003eConfederate\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e forces\u003c\/strong\u003e during the American Civil War. They were discovered using metal detectors on private land in \u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003evarious Confederate camps and battlefields in \u003cstrong\u003eVirginia.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cspan\u003eMinié ball was a game changer for modern warfare. \u003c\/span\u003ePreviously, musket balls were inaccurate, low powered, and could take a full minute to load. Soldiers often just ended up using their bayonets instead.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the Minié ball changed that. Suddenly, rifles were more accurate, more deadly, and much more practical. The main advantage of this new style of musket ball was that it allowed for rifles to be fully utilized during combat, an impossible feat just a few years earlier. The \u003cspan\u003eMinié ball drastically shortened the time it took to reload, by both fitting easily down the barrel of a rifle and eliminating the need for constant cleaning. They also exited the barrel at bone shattering speeds and hit their mark with greater precision. For better or for worse, this new projectile had changed warfare forever.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eA Certificate of Authenticity is issued with every order, and includes information about where the specific bullet was found when available.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"margin-top: 40px; float: none;\" height=\"2048x2048\" width=\"2048x2048\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/1_b9a96851-5324-48f7-8ed7-9668208d6e81_2048x2048.png?v=1589581527\" data-mce-style=\"margin-top: 40px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePresident Lincoln visiting the battlefield at Antietam, 1862\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":40829722427439,"sku":"AM-CW-MB-CONFED","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the relic and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553818771740,"sku":"AM-CW-MB-CONFED-NO","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/confed.jpg?v=1743105224"},{"product_id":"civil-war-fired-minie-ball-1860s-united-states","title":"Civil War, Fired Minié Ball - 1860's - United States","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBuy a Union, Confederate, and fired Minie ball to get 15% off! \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.historyhoard.com\/products\/civil-war-minie-balls-set-of-3-1860s-united-states\"\u003eClick here to get the full set.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e These \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMinié ball bullets\u003c\/strong\u003e were discovered using metal detectors on private land in \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003evarious Civil War battlefields in \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eVirginia. \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eEach has been fired, unlike the other \"dropped\" bullets we sell. A variety of calibers is included in this lot, though the damage that these rounds sustained on impact has deformed some of them beyond recognition.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cspan\u003eMinié ball was a game changer for modern warfare. \u003c\/span\u003ePreviously, musket balls were inaccurate, low powered, and could take a full minute to load. Soldiers often just ended up using their bayonets instead.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the Minié ball changed that. Suddenly, rifles were more accurate, more deadly, and much more practical. The main advantage of this new style of musket ball was that it allowed for rifles to be fully utilized during combat, an impossible feat just a few years earlier. The \u003cspan\u003eMinié ball drastically shortened the time it took to reload, by both fitting easily down the barrel of a rifle and eliminating the need for constant cleaning. They also exited the barrel at bone shattering speeds and hit their mark with greater precision. For better or for worse, this new projectile had changed warfare forever.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eA Certificate of Authenticity is issued with every order, and includes information about where the specific bullet was found when available.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/1_b9a96851-5324-48f7-8ed7-9668208d6e81_2048x2048.png?v=1589581527\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"margin-top: 40px; float: none;\" data-mce-style=\"margin-top: 40px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePresident Lincoln visiting the battlefield at Antietam, 1862\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":41040545710127,"sku":"AM-CW-MB-FIRED","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the relic and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553817592092,"sku":"AM-CW-MB-FIRED-NO","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Black_57.png?v=1743105205"},{"product_id":"civil-war-minie-balls-set-of-3-1860s-united-states","title":"Civil War Minié Balls (Set of 3) - 1860's - United States","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e This set includes three \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMinié ball bullets\u003c\/strong\u003e that were discovered using metal detectors on private land in \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003evarious Civil War battlefields. It is a combination of our other three listings for \u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.historyhoard.com\/products\/american-civil-war-era-bullet-minie-ball\"\u003eUnion .58 caliber\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.historyhoard.com\/products\/civil-war-confederate-minie-ball-1860s-united-states\"\u003eConfederate .52 caliber\u003c\/a\u003e, \u003c\/strong\u003eand \u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.historyhoard.com\/products\/civil-war-fired-minie-ball-1860s-united-states\"\u003efired rounds\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003eYou can save 15% by buying all three together here!\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cspan\u003eMinié ball was a game changer for modern warfare. \u003c\/span\u003ePreviously, musket balls were inaccurate, low powered, and could take a full minute to load. Soldiers often just ended up using their bayonets instead.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the Minié ball changed that. Suddenly, rifles were more accurate, more deadly, and much more practical. The main advantage of this new style of musket ball was that it allowed for rifles to be fully utilized during combat, an impossible feat just a few years earlier. The \u003cspan\u003eMinié ball drastically shortened the time it took to reload, by both fitting easily down the barrel of a rifle and eliminating the need for constant cleaning. They also exited the barrel at bone shattering speeds and hit their mark with greater precision. For better or for worse, this new projectile had changed warfare forever.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eA Certificate of Authenticity is issued with every order, and includes information about where the specific bullet was found when available.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"margin-top: 40px; float: none;\" height=\"2048x2048\" width=\"2048x2048\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/1_b9a96851-5324-48f7-8ed7-9668208d6e81_2048x2048.png?v=1589581527\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003ePresident Lincoln visiting the battlefield at Antietam, 1862\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":41040557244463,"sku":"AM-CW-MB-SET3","price":69.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the relic and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553817461020,"sku":"AM-CW-MB-SET3-NO","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Civilwarbulletsbookbg.jpg?v=1743105204"},{"product_id":"the-pirate-collection-1500s-to-1700s-ce-3-coins","title":"The Pirate Collection - 1500s to 1700s CE - 3 Coins","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003ePirate \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCollection\u003c\/strong\u003e features three coins that carry a strong historical association with piracy, specifically the \u003cstrong\u003eGolden Age of Piracy\u003c\/strong\u003e from the 17th to 18th century. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eCoins traded in pirate hotbeds such as the Caribbean had a melting pot of different cultures attributed to them. Practically any coins were acceptable for circulation, as long as they had intrinsic value from precious metal content. Though coins of Spanish origin were used primarily, English, French, and even Chinese coins were all viable as well.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThere are three coins included in this set, as outlined below:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSpanish Silver Cob (c. 1600 - 1800 CE)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThese silver \"cob\" coins were minted in South America under the control of the Spanish Empire. They date back to approximately the 1600s or 1700s, though many are hard to attribute to a certain king due to their crudely made nature. The coins in this group were found along rivers and beaches, meaning that they are designated as \u003cstrong\u003esea salvaged\u003c\/strong\u003e. Worth half a real in the Spanish currency system, these low denomination coins would have been used frequently by commoners in the \"New World.\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSpanish Copper Cob (c. 1556 - 1717 CE)\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThese Spanish copper cob coins were minted between the reigns of King Philip II and Philip V. Sporting a crude, irregular shape characteristic of the \"cob\" style, these coins were made with efficiency in mind. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMany of them underwent counterstamping—a process that updated an older coin's denomination or inscription with a new design. This practice was particularly common with Spanish coins due to the vastness of the empire. Counterstamping was far more practical than creating new coins, as the latter would necessitate the transportation of copper across extensive distances.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePalembang Pitis (c. 1700 - 1800 CE)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThese tin pitis coins were struck in Palembang, a major port in 18th century Indonesia that was controlled by the Dutch East India Company (VOC). Located along the Strait of Malacca, Palembang was not only a hub for the spice trade but for pirates as well. The area was an incredibly important shipping route, but pirates also had plenty of places to hide within its many coves and inlets. Palembang was located along the east end of the strait, and was a standard stopping point for merchant ships. But during the Golden Age of Piracy, these ships would be routinely seized for their cargo of rare spices and money—namely Spanish reales, VOC duiten, and these Palembang pitis coins.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45620547977500,"sku":"COL-PIRATE","price":119.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/PhotoRoom-20230705_154401_1.png?v=1743105099"},{"product_id":"roman-bronze-nummus-constantinian-dynasty-c-306-to-361-ce-roman-empire","title":"Roman Bronze Nummus, Constantine the Great \u0026 Sons - c. 306 to 361 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThese high grade Roman bronzes of Constantine the Great and his sons are an excellent way to connect with the rich history of the Roman Empire. A portrait of your chosen emperor will be on the obverse side, while the reverse will show various gods, goddesses, and allegorical figures. Our coins were struck under the reign of \u003cstrong\u003eConstantine the Great (c. 272 to 337 CE)\u003c\/strong\u003e and his sons, \u003cstrong\u003eConstantine II\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eConstantius II\u003c\/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003eConstans\u003c\/strong\u003e, who inherited the throne after their father’s death. Each ruled over different portions of the empire.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThese coins were used for everyday transactions, like paying soldiers and taxes, and are a unique way to own a piece of ancient history. Each coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e and has been professionally cleaned and conserved.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eWhat is a \u003cem\u003enummus\u003c\/em\u003e?\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe Roman nummus was a small bronze coin that was widely used during the empire's later years. Introduced in the 4th century AD, it was made of a copper-based alloy and was created to address the shortage of gold and silver in the empire. The nummus became the most common coin used for everyday transactions and for paying soldiers and taxes. Despite their small denomination, the coins played a significant role in the empire's economy and they are considered valuable pieces of Roman numismatics.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eWho was Constantine the Great?\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eConstantine I (dubbed \"the Great\") was a Roman emperor who ruled from 306 CE to 337 CE. He is known for his major accomplishments such as the Edict of Milan, which granted religious tolerance to Christians, the Council of Nicaea, where he established a unified doctrine for Christianity, and the construction of monumental structures like the Hagia Sophia. He died in 337 AD and was succeeded by his three sons, Constantine II who ruled over the western Roman Empire, Constantius II who ruled over the East, and Constans who ruled over Italy and Africa.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Random \/ Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":46203343503644,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-RAND","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Random \/ No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":46203343536412,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-RAND-NO","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Constans (337 - 350 AD) \/ Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":46203343569180,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTANS","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Constans (337 - 350 AD) \/ No display - just the coin certificate and info card","offer_id":46203343601948,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTANS-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Constantius II (337 - 361 AD) \/ Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":46203343634716,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTIUS2","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Constantius II (337 - 361 AD) \/ No display - just the coin certificate and info card","offer_id":46203343667484,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTIUS2-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Constantine II (337 - 340 AD) \/ Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":46203343700252,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTINE2","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Constantine II (337 - 340 AD) \/ No display - just the coin certificate and info card","offer_id":46203343733020,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTINE2-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Constantine I \"the Great\" (306 - 337 AD) \/ Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":46203343765788,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTINE1","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Constantine I \"the Great\" (306 - 337 AD) \/ No display - just the coin certificate and info card","offer_id":46203343798556,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTINE1-NO","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Constantineinbox.jpg?v=1743105076"},{"product_id":"late-roman-bronze-nummus-3rd-to-4th-century-c-300-to-500-ce-roman-empire","title":"Late Roman Bronze Nummus, 4th to 5th Century - c. 300 to 500 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese are now the most budget friendly Roman coins that we offer, and are an easy way to start or build an ancient coin collection!\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Roman nummus was a small bronze coin that was widely used during the empire's later years. Introduced in the 4th century CE, it was made of a copper-based alloy and was created to address the shortage of gold and silver in the empire. The nummus became the most common coin used for everyday transactions and for paying soldiers and taxes. Despite their small denomination, the coins played a significant role in the empire's economy and they are considered valuable pieces of Roman numismatics.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese coins were used for everyday transactions, like paying soldiers and taxes, and are a unique way to own a piece of ancient history. Each features an emperor's portrait on the obverse side, while the reverse can show various gods, goddesses, allegorical figures, and other fixtures of Roman society. Most coins in this group were struck under the emperors Theodosius I, Arcadius, and Honorius, who ruled around the start of the 5th century CE.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e and has been professionally cleaned and conserved.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":51516081733916,"sku":"AC-ROM-BUDGET","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553730789660,"sku":"AC-ROM-BUDGET-NO","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Budget_Roman_in_box.jpg?v=1743104867"},{"product_id":"british-india-queen-victoria-silver-rupee-186-to-1876-ce-british-empire","title":"British India, Queen Victoria, Silver Rupee - 1862 to 1876 CE - British Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese silver coins, worth one rupee, were minted under Queen Victoria during the British Raj, an 89 year period in which the United Kingdom controlled the Indian subcontinent.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough India had already been ruled by the British Crown since 1858, the title of \"Empress of India\" was bestowed upon Queen Victoria in 1876. Though it was mostly ceremonial in nature, it was meant to increase the acceptance of the British monarchy as the official head of state. Indian royals and politicians were made to swear their allegiance to the crown, and portraits of the reigning monarch were placed into government buildings, train stations, and other official areas.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite being named \"Empress\" of the nation, Queen Victoria never visited India herself. However, she was known to have taken a personal interest in Indian culture. Many of her dinner menus featured Indian cuisine, and she even learned enough Hindi to write some diary entries in the language.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFollowing the death of Victoria in 1901, the title would be adapted to \"Emperor of India\" for the kings that succeeded her. The title continued to be used until it was abolished by the Indian Independence Act of 1947.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e and has been professionally cleaned and conserved.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":51614273208604,"sku":"MD-VICT-RUPEE","price":89.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51614273241372,"sku":"MD-VICT-RUPEE-NO","price":74.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/victoriarupeeinbox.jpg?v=1743807697"},{"product_id":"denmark-world-war-ii-1-ore-emergency-stamp-money-1941-ce-world-war-ii","title":"Denmark, World War II, \"1 Øre\" Emergency Stamp Money - 1941 to 1944 CE - World War II","description":"\u003cp\u003eDuring World War II, Denmark faced severe shortages of copper coinage, prompting the creation of this emergency “stamp money.” Each piece doubled as an advertisement for a local business and featured a 1 Øre postage stamp on the reverse to assign its monetary value. To enhance durability, the entire note was wrapped in cellophane.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDenmark initially declared itself a neutral party in World War II, but it was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany by 1940. Denmark initially chose to take an approach of cooperation and remained under German oversight until 1943, but resistance efforts became more pronounced as the war went on. This level of cooperation helped Denmark avoid harsher occupation policies. Other occupied countries witnessed propaganda efforts including the reprinting of stamps, but Danish stamps were allowed to remain unchanged.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1941 and 1942, Denmark experienced bitter winters that felled copper telephone lines. Resources were already scarce after being predominantly cut off from the rest of the world during occupation. The Danish state initiated a collection of copper coinage and replaced them with aluminum coins. A shortage of change occurred as the population began hoarding valuable copper, and specialized “stamp money” was produced to use as emergency currency during the occupation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach stamp comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00","offer_id":51704025710876,"sku":"MD-DEN-STAMP","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Stamp_money_ww2_in_box.jpg?v=1745010007"},{"product_id":"russia-copper-polushka-anna-ivan-vi-or-elizabeth-1730-to-1754-ce-russian-empire-1","title":"Russia, Copper Polushka, Anna, Ivan VI, or Elizabeth - 1730 to 1754 CE - Russian Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003ePolushkas were first introduced by Peter the Great in 1700 and minted intermittently throughout the 18th century, including under Empress Anna Ioannovna, Ivan VI, and Empress Elizabeth. The coins featured a crowned double-headed eagle on the obverse, and the denomination and date in Cyrillic script on the reverse. Grained or patterned edges served as anti-counterfeiting measures.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the 1730s—a period of economic growth for the Russian Empire—the polushka, valued at about ¼ kopeck, played a key role in everyday transactions among the agrarian and peasant classes. Its low denomination helped integrate rural and urban economies, making commerce more accessible to the lower classes.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRather than replacing silver coins outright, copper coinage was gradually introduced, helping preserve public trust. By the 1730s, copper made up around 8% of circulating cash. Silver remained dominant, ensuring monetary stability while small copper coins like the polushka made daily transactions simpler and supported the unification of Russia’s growing currency system.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e and has been professionally cleaned and conserved.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":51782493045020,"sku":"EE-RUS-POLUSH","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51782493077788,"sku":"EE-RUS-POLUSH-NO","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Russia_Polushka_in_box.jpg?v=1746216762"},{"product_id":"greek-india-indo-scythians-various-kings-silver-drachm-c-90-to-25-bce-central-asia","title":"Greek India, Indo-Scythians, Various Kings, Silver Drachm - c. 90 to 25 BCE - Central Asia","description":"\u003cp\u003eIndo-Scythia was a region ruled by the Scythians from the 2nd century BCE to the 4th century CE, in what is now modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of India. Despite their nomadic origins, the Indo-Scythians adapted to sedentary life, establishing urban centers and engaging in trade along key routes that connected the Mediterranean world with Central and South Asia.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter Alexander the Great's conquests, the region’s culture changed dramatically with the arrival of Hellenistic influences. Like other powers that rose in the East after Alexander, the Indo-Scythians adopted many aspects of Greek culture, which became closely integrated into their own art, language, and coinage. This cultural blending is especially clear in their coins, which often featured Greek inscriptions alongside Scythian imagery, and showed rulers dressed in Greek-style clothing or accompanied by familiar Hellenistic symbols like Nike or Athena.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e and has been professionally cleaned and conserved.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Portrait of king","offer_id":51821879296284,"sku":"AC-INDO-SCY-DHM-PORT","price":69.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ King on horseback","offer_id":51821900103964,"sku":"AC-INDO-SCY-DHM-HRSE","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Portrait of king","offer_id":51821879329052,"sku":"AC-INDO-SCY-DHM-PORT-NO","price":54.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each) \/ King on horseback","offer_id":51821900136732,"sku":"AC-INDO-SCY-DHM-HRSE-NO","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Indo_scythian_in_box.jpg?v=1746825892"},{"product_id":"qing-dynasty-two-emperors-qianlong-daoguang-copper-cash-coins-1735-to-1850-ce-china","title":"Qing Dynasty, Two Emperors: Qianlong \u0026 Daoguang, Copper Cash Coins - 1735 to 1850 CE - China","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese copper \"cash\" coins date back to the Qing dynasty, the last imperial Chinese dynasty in history. They have inscriptions in both Chinese and Manchu script, which are outlined below. Each collection includes one coin from the Qianlong Emperor (inscribed with 乾隆通寶, minted 1735 to 1796) and the Daoguang Emperor (inscribed with 道光通寶, minted 1820 to 1850).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLasting almost three centuries, the Qing dynasty saw China grow to its greatest territorial extent after the annexation of Tibet, Xinjiang, and Mongolia. The Qing rulers weren't ethnically Chinese, however, but rather came from a group of people called the Manchu.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe coins in this listing were cast during the peak of the Qing dynasty, in the mid-1700's to the mid-1800's. During this period, China transformed into a thriving commercial empire and its population almost doubled. The decline of the Qing dynasty in the late 1800's culminated in its collapse in 1912 during the Xinhai Revolution, ending the two millennia long era of emperors ruling China.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e and has been professionally cleaned and conserved.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":51865089212700,"sku":"COL-EE-CHQING-TWO","price":27.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51865089278236,"sku":"COL-EE-CHQING-TWO-NO","price":12.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Qing_dynasty_two_coin_collection_in_box.jpg?v=1747433835"},{"product_id":"japan-nagasaki-trade-coin-genpo-tsuho-1659-to-1685-ce-edo-period","title":"Japan, Nagasaki Trade Coin, Genpō Tsūhō - 1659 to 1685 CE - Edo Japan","description":"\u003cp\u003eNagasaki trade coins, also known as Nagasaki export coins, were a series of Japanese copper 1 mon coins cast exclusively for use with foreign trading partners during the Tokugawa shogunate from 1659 to 1685.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese coins come from an isolationist period in Japanese history, when the nation was under a policy called \u003cem\u003esakoku\u003c\/em\u003e (\"chained country\"). However, the policy did not end all foreign trade—the city of Nagasaki, where these coins were made, still managed to flourish as Japan's primary trading port. The coins were mostly exported to Vietnam and other Southeast Asian regions, and Nagasaki trade coins even became a de facto currency in many places due to declines in local coin production.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEven with its isolationist policies, Nagasaki trade coins show the impact Japan had across southeast Asia, both economically and culturally. Coins production was driven by a high demand for copper in Southeast Asia and Vietnam in particular, where copper had become scarce due to its use in weaponry during the Trinh-Nguyễn War, and they were often melted down in northern Vietnam for utensils. Japanese merchants exploited a ban on gold and silver exports by the Qing dynasty as well, by using these coins for silk and other goods. Nagasaki trade coins would even travel to Europe via the Dutch East India Company.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese coins are inscribed with 元豐通寶, which are Chinese characters copied from coins of the Song Dynasty. However, they are distinguishable from their Chinese counterparts by the use of different typefaces.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":52064072499484,"sku":"EE-JP-EDO-NGTR","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":52064072532252,"sku":"EE-JP-EDO-NGTR-NO","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Nagasaki_trade_in_box.jpg?v=1749850128"},{"product_id":"the-crusades-italy-city-of-ancona-1-denier-1250-to-1348-ce-the-crusades","title":"The Crusades, Italy, City of Ancona, 1 Denier - 1250 to 1348 CE - The Crusades","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese medieval one \u003cem\u003edenier\u003c\/em\u003e coins were produced in the city of Ancona, Italy, around the time of the Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth Crusades. The obverse side shows a cross with the legend \"DE ANCONA,\" while the reverse shows the letters \"CVS\" encircled by the legend \"PP · S · QVI · RI · A.\" They are made of a type of debased silver called billon.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFounded as a Greek colony around 390 BCE, Ancona is a historic port city on Italy’s Adriatic coast. Ancona experienced many invasions over the centuries, but always managed to recover and eventually emerged as a semi-independent maritime republic in the Middle Ages. Ancona was governed by an oligarchic system of six elders, elected from three divisions which made up the state. The republic maintained its independence even from the Papal States during the mid-1100s, with Pope Alexander III declaring Ancona a “free city” under the Church’s protection. This allowed Ancona to maintain its self-governance while still remaining allied with the Papal States during the ongoing conflicts with the Holy Roman Empire. In practice, this meant that Ancona continued to run as an independent city as long as it pledged loyalty to the Pope.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIssuing its own currency played an important role in Ancona’s trade as an assertion of independence and right to regulate its own economic affairs. The usage of these coins in daily life enabled smoother trade with foreign merchants and lent credibility to its reputation as a reliable trading partner, and reinforced the city’s legal and commercial systems, which prioritized merchants’ rights and contract enforcement. Deniers served not only as a medium of exchange but as a visible, tangible emblem of Ancona’s political autonomy during the complex territorial disputes of the Middle Ages.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":52103764607260,"sku":"MR-CRUS-ANCONA","price":99.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":52103764640028,"sku":"MR-CRUS-ANCONA-NO","price":84.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/ancona_denier_in_box.jpg?v=1750453388"},{"product_id":"rome-emperor-hadrian-silver-denarius-117-to-138-ce-roman-empire","title":"Rome, Emperor Hadrian, Silver Denarius - 117 to 138 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003eHadrian was a Roman emperor best known for consolidating and strengthening the empire rather than expanding it. He traveled extensively across Roman territories, sometimes with elephants in his entourage for ceremonies and to display imperial power, while inspecting cities and fortifications. He is most famous for building Hadrian’s Wall in Britain, to mark the empire’s northern boundary, as well as for rebuilding parts of Rome, leaving a legacy of stability and architectural splendor during his reign.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe type of coin featured here is a denarius, a small silver coin that was central to the Roman economy for about 450 years. On its obverse side, a denarius typically displayed the image of the reigning emperor, while coins featuring the likeness of empresses were also issued due to their royal status. The reverse sides of denarii exhibited a variety of designs, including gods and goddesses, mythical creatures, military imagery, and architectural symbols.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe question of what a denarius would be worth today is a hotly debated topic. Accurately converting the value of a denarius into modern dollars is impossible, as the economy and standard of living in ancient Rome greatly differed from our contemporary world. Nonetheless, one can estimate the approximate \"value\" of a denarius by considering its purchasing power when acquiring essential goods. Historians have calculated that a typical Roman peasant family of four required around 1,762 pounds of wheat, 17 gallons of oil, and 106 gallons of wine annually. To secure these staple items during the period of approximately 75 to 125 CE, it cost roughly 200 denarii in the city of Rome, making that the minimum yearly income for a Roman household.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":52412326347036,"sku":"AC-ROM-D-HADR-HG","price":149.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":52412326379804,"sku":"AC-ROM-D-HADR-HG-NO","price":134.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/hadrian_in_box.jpg?v=1752271452"},{"product_id":"egypt-faience-mummy-beads-new-kingdom-to-late-dynastic-period-c-1500-to-300-bce-ancient-egypt","title":"Egypt, Faience \"Mummy\" Beads, New Kingdom to Late Dynastic Period - c. 1500 to 300 BCE - Ancient Egypt","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach order includes three small beads. Please note that shape and color may vary!\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese ceramic beads date back to ancient Egypt, from approximately the New Kingdom to the Late Dynastic period (c. 1500 - 300 BCE). They were made to imitate the appearance of precious stones such as turquoise or lapis lazuli, but are actually a non-clay ceramic material known as \"faience,\" which consists primarily of powdered quartz or sand, lime, soda, and mineral colorants. Blue hues signified the Nile, sky and rebirth, while green hues were symbolic of regeneration and the afterlife.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEgyptian faience beads are sometimes nicknamed \"mummy\" beads—a nod to the bead-nets that were often found draped onto Egyptian mummies, acting as both a decorative garment and as an item of protection for individuals passing into the afterlife. \u003cspan\u003eIn reality though, most uses of these beads had nothing to do with mummies. Faience beads were strung into necklaces, bracelets, and other elaborate garments that were used in various personal adornment, religious, and funerary practices.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBeyond their spiritual and aesthetic use, faience beads were highly valued in trade. Prized for their vibrant colors, faience beads were produced in large quantities by skilled artisans and distributed along Egypt’s extensive trade routes through the Mediterranean and Middle East. Archeological finds of Egyptian faience beads have been widespread, with sites across Levant, Mesopotamia and the Aegean, proving these beads were highly valuable and a sought after commodity from ancient Egypt.\u003cstrong\u003e As a result, they are one of the most common Egyptian artifacts around today, and can be very affordable!\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese beads were purchased at auction by History Hoard, and were originally part of the collection of \"Y. Kayvan\" in Los Angeles, California, who acquired them from a different Los Angeles based gallery that formed the collection in the 1990s and early 2000s.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":52619597611292,"sku":"AC-EGY-BEADS","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the beads and info card\/certificate (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":52619597644060,"sku":"AC-EGY-BEADS-NO","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Egyptbeadinbox_2037420c-4fb7-4bce-b2e9-0893b499946c.jpg?v=1753480811"},{"product_id":"spanish-states-kingdom-of-castile-and-leon-henry-iv-blanca-1471-to-1474-ce-medieval-spain","title":"Spanish States, Kingdom of Castile and Leon, Henry IV, Blanca - 1471 to 1474 CE - Medieval Spain","description":"\u003cp data-start=\"159\" data-end=\"446\"\u003eThese medieval \u003cstrong data-start=\"174\" data-end=\"184\"\u003eblanca\u003c\/strong\u003e coins were struck during the reign of \u003cstrong data-start=\"223\" data-end=\"255\"\u003eHenry IV of Castile and León\u003c\/strong\u003e (1454–1474). They were made of \u003cstrong data-start=\"287\" data-end=\"297\"\u003ebillon\u003c\/strong\u003e, a low-grade silver alloy, and featured a \u003cstrong data-start=\"350\" data-end=\"360\"\u003ecastle\u003c\/strong\u003e on one side (the emblem of Castile) and a \u003cstrong data-start=\"403\" data-end=\"411\"\u003elion\u003c\/strong\u003e on the other (the emblem of León).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"448\" data-end=\"1044\"\u003eAt the time these coins were struck, the nation that we now call Spain was still a \u003cstrong data-start=\"497\" data-end=\"522\"\u003epatchwork of kingdoms\u003c\/strong\u003e, each with its own language, culture, and rulers. The most important were Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and the Muslim Emirate of Granada in the south, while Portugal had already established itself as an independent kingdom. These realms often clashed or allied with one another, bound together by the long struggle between Christians and Muslims known as the \u003cstrong data-start=\"879\" data-end=\"894\"\u003eReconquista\u003c\/strong\u003e. A turning point came in \u003cstrong data-start=\"920\" data-end=\"928\"\u003e1469\u003c\/strong\u003e, when Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castile, laying the groundwork for the eventual unification of Spain.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"1046\" data-end=\"1633\"\u003eHenry IV’s reign came just before this union. Known as \u003cstrong data-start=\"1101\" data-end=\"1126\"\u003e“Henry the Impotent,”\u003c\/strong\u003e he faced a troubled rule marked by political unrest and disputes over succession. His inability to keep the nobility under control led to civil wars, while doubts over the legitimacy of his daughter \u003cstrong data-start=\"1326\" data-end=\"1336\"\u003eJoanna\u003c\/strong\u003e (suspected of being illegitimate) further destabilized the kingdom. When Henry died, Castile split between supporters of Joanna and those of his half-sister \u003cstrong data-start=\"1494\" data-end=\"1506\"\u003eIsabella\u003c\/strong\u003e, who ultimately prevailed. Isabella’s victory, alongside Ferdinand, paved the way for the creation of a unified Spanish crown.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":52959723290908,"sku":"MR-CSTLEON-H4-BL","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":52959723323676,"sku":"MR-CSTLEON-H4-BL-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Castile_leon_Henry_iv_blanca_in_box.jpg?v=1757712408"},{"product_id":"ptolemaic-egypt-ptolemy-vi-cleopatra-i-bronze-unit-180-to-145-bce-ancient-egypt","title":"Ptolemaic Egypt, Ptolemy VI \u0026 Cleopatra I, Bronze Unit - 180 to 145 BCE - Ancient Egypt","description":"\u003cp data-end=\"446\" data-start=\"159\"\u003eThese large bronze coins come from Egypt's Ptolemaic period, and were minted under King Ptolemy VI and Queen Cleopatra I between 180 and 145 BCE. Their obverse sides show the head of the goddess Isis, while their reverses show an eagle standing left on a thunderbolt, with the legend \"ΠTOΛEMAIOY BAΣIΛEΩΣ\" (of King Ptolemy).\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-end=\"446\" data-start=\"159\"\u003ePtolemaic Egypt was a Greek-ruled kingdom that rose after Alexander the Great’s death, when his general Ptolemy took control of Egypt and founded a dynasty that mixed Greek and Egyptian traditions. Cleopatra I, a Seleucid princess who became queen by marrying Ptolemy V, brought a rare moment of peace between rival empires. Their son, Ptolemy VI, inherited the throne as a child and reigned through turbulent times—wars with the Seleucids, Roman meddling, and power struggles with his own siblings. Yet under their rule, Egypt remained one of the richest kingdoms of the ancient world, its capital Alexandria a dazzling hub of trade, learning, and culture, where Greek philosophers and Egyptian priests alike walked the same streets. The story of the Ptolemies is one of family drama, political intrigue, and cultural fusion, setting the stage for the famous Cleopatra VII a century later.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":53006759559452,"sku":"AC-EGY-PTL-ISIS","price":89.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":53006759592220,"sku":"AC-EGY-PTL-ISIS-NO","price":64.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Ptolemy_VI_in_box.jpg?v=1758328723"},{"product_id":"spanish-age-of-discovery-collection-coins-of-philip-ii-iii-iv-1556-to-1664-ce","title":"Spanish Age of Discovery Collection, Coins of Philip II, III, \u0026 IV - 1556 to 1664 CE","description":"\u003cp data-start=\"159\" data-end=\"446\"\u003eThe Spanish Empire was the first truly global empire, stretching across Europe, the Americas, Asia, and Africa, and connected by trade routes that circled the globe. It brought immense wealth to Spain through silver and gold from the New World, while also shaping world history through exploration, colonization, cultural exchange, and conflict.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"159\" data-end=\"446\"\u003eThis set brings together three Habsburg dynasty monarchs from Spain’s Golden Age of power and exploration: \u003cstrong data-start=\"178\" data-end=\"254\"\u003ePhilip II (1556–1598), Philip III (1598–1621), and Philip IV (1621–1665)\u003c\/strong\u003e. Under Philip II, Spain reached the height of its influence, ruling vast territories across Europe and the New World while overseeing the first truly global empire. His son, Philip III, presided over a more peaceful but financially strained kingdom, marked by court intrigue and costly overseas commitments. Philip IV inherited this declining empire, remembered both for his patronage of great artists like Velázquez and for the wars that eroded Spain’s dominance in Europe. Together, these coins reflect the arc of Spain’s power in the 16th and 17th centuries, from its peak under Philip II to the gradual weakening of its empire under his successors.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"159\" data-end=\"446\"\u003eThis collection includes the following coins:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"159\" data-end=\"446\"\u003eSpain, King Philip II, 1 blanca (low grade silver), 1556 - 1598 CE\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"159\" data-end=\"446\"\u003eObverse: Crowned monogram in beaded circle. Mintmark chalice and privy mark at left or right.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli data-start=\"159\" data-end=\"446\"\u003eReverse: Castle in beaded circle. Mintmark and privy mark at left or right.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSpain, King Philip III, 2 maravedis (copper), 1602 - 1619 CE\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eObverse: PHILIPPVS III D G - Castle within circle\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReverse:  HISPANIARVM REX - Lion within circle\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSpain, King Philip IV, 8 or 16 maravedis (copper), 1621 - 1664 CE \n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eObverse: PHILIPPVS IIII D G - Portrait of Philip IV\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReverse: HISPANIARUM REX - Crowned shield between initial and value\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach collection comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":53097693184284,"sku":"COL-EE-SP-AGEDISC","price":64.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":53097693217052,"sku":"COL-EE-SP-AGEDISC-NO","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Spanishageofdiscoveryinbox.jpg?v=1759525991"},{"product_id":"china-tang-dynasty-kaiyuan-tongbao-bronze-cash-coin-621-to-907-ce-medieval-china","title":"China, Tang Dynasty, \"Kaiyuan Tongbao\" Bronze Cash Coin - 621 to 907 CE - Medieval China","description":"\u003cp data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"318\"\u003eThe \u003cstrong data-start=\"4\" data-end=\"30\"\u003eKaiyuan Tongbao (开元通宝)\u003c\/strong\u003e was the standard copper coin introduced in \u003cstrong data-start=\"74\" data-end=\"84\"\u003e621 CE\u003c\/strong\u003e during the reign of \u003cstrong data-start=\"105\" data-end=\"122\"\u003eEmperor Gaozu\u003c\/strong\u003e, founder of the \u003cstrong data-start=\"139\" data-end=\"155\"\u003eTang dynasty\u003c\/strong\u003e. Its name, meaning “Circulating Treasure of the Kaiyuan Era,” marked the beginning of a unified, enduring monetary system after centuries of fragmented coinage.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"320\" data-end=\"707\"\u003eWhat made it most significant was its wide influence—the Kaiyuan Tongbao became the model for East Asian coinage in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam for centuries. The value of these coins would also become standardized by the government, whereas previously the value of cash coins was assigned based on weight. Starting in the Ming dynasty, Kaiyuan Tongbao coins would also become one of the most important types of cash coins to be used in \u003cstrong\u003etraditional Chinese medicine\u003c\/strong\u003e, due to a belief that the materials used in the coins and the green patina that developed over time could be used to cure certain diseases.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-start=\"709\" data-end=\"1066\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\"\u003eThe \u003cstrong data-start=\"713\" data-end=\"742\"\u003eTang dynasty (618–907 CE)\u003c\/strong\u003e itself was a \u003cstrong data-start=\"756\" data-end=\"794\"\u003egolden age of Chinese civilization\u003c\/strong\u003e, known for its cosmopolitan capital at Chang’an, thriving Silk Road trade, flourishing arts, and openness to foreign cultures and religions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":53141125005596,"sku":"MR-CHINA-TANG","price":22.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":53141125038364,"sku":"MR-CHINA-TANG-NO","price":7.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/kaiyuan_tongbao_in_box.jpg?v=1760118352"},{"product_id":"china-xinhai-revolution-copper-10-cash-founding-of-the-republic-1912-ce-republic-of-china","title":"China, Xinhai Revolution, Copper 10 Cash (Founding of the Republic) - 1912 CE - Republic of China","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese copper coins were minted in the founding year of the Republic of China, shortly after the Qing dynasty was overthrown in the Xinhai Revolution. The obverse features the flags of the Kuomintang and the Republic, while the reverse bears the denomination: ten cash.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Xinhai Revolution, also known as the 1911 Revolution, was a political and social upheaval that ended over two thousand years of imperial rule in China and led to the founding of the Republic of China. Sparked by the Wuchang Uprising on October 10, 1911, it quickly spread across the provinces as reformists, revolutionaries, and local military leaders turned against the Qing dynasty. The revolution was driven by frustration with corruption, foreign domination, and the failure of late Qing reforms. By early 1912, the last emperor, Puyi, had abdicated, marking the collapse of the Qing and the birth of a new republican government under Sun Yat-sen’s leadership—ushering in a new era in modern Chinese history.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":53225657794844,"sku":"MD-CHINA-XHTEN","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":53225657827612,"sku":"MD-CHINA-XHTEN-NO","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/xinhaiinbox.jpg?v=1761337478"},{"product_id":"greek-fractional-silver-coins-group-of-three-c-500-to-300-bce-ancient-greek-settlements","title":"Greek Fractional Silver Coins (Group of Three) - c. 500 to 300 BCE - Ancient Greek Cities","description":"\u003cp\u003eIn the world of ancient Greek coinage, the term “fractional silver” refers to the very small denominations of silver coins that circulated alongside the larger drachms and tetradrachms. The most common of these was the obol, valued at one-sixth of a drachm and typically weighing around 0.8 grams. Even smaller divisions existed: coins designated as quarters of an obol or other tiny subdivisions have been documented weighing as little as ~0.13 grams. Such minute denominations were the silver change of the ancient Greek world—subtle in size but essential in everyday commerce.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhat makes these tiny coins especially interesting to both scholars and collectors is how they open a window into the economy of the Greek city-states. Because they were practical for low-value transactions, their very existence illustrates a sophisticated monetary system that accommodated everything from large international trade down to the small retail purchase. Their small flans, light weight and varied iconography reflect both local minting practices and the broader standardization of silver coinage in the Classical and Hellenistic eras. While they may not carry the same visual punch as a grand Athenian tetradrachm, fractional silver coins remind us that every economy—ancient or modern—needed small change.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach order includes \u003cstrong\u003ethree random Greek fractional silver coins (5mm to 10mm each)\u003c\/strong\u003e, and comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":53305409339676,"sku":"AC-GRK-FRACT","price":129.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":53305409372444,"sku":"AC-GRK-FRACT-NO","price":114.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/fractionals_in_box_2026be1f-dbfb-4580-9457-9b16145dad8f.jpg?v=1762557992"},{"product_id":"france-county-of-nevers-herve-iv-of-donzy-silver-denier-1199-to-1223-ad-the-crusades","title":"France, County of Nevers, Hervé IV of Donzy, Silver Denier - 1199 to 1223 CE - The Crusades","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese silver deniers were minted under Hervé IV of Donzy, a prominent French nobleman who became Count of Nevers. Like many nobles of his generation, Hervé took part in the wider religious and military movements of the age, joining the Fifth Crusade and dying shortly after or during his return from the eastern Mediterranean.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Fifth Crusade (1217 - 1221) was a papally directed effort that aimed to seize Egypt—the strategic center of Ayyubid power—as the key to restoring Christian control over Jerusalem. Crusader forces, including French nobles such as Hervé, successfully captured the Egyptian port city of Damietta after a lengthy siege but squandered the advantage through poor leadership, internal disagreements, and an overconfident advance toward Cairo that ended in disaster when the Nile’s floodwaters trapped their army. Forced to surrender Damietta, the crusaders returned home with little to show for the campaign, leaving the Holy Land’s balance of power largely unchanged and marking the expedition as one of the more costly failures of the medieval crusading movement.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe obverse of these coins bears the legend \"COMЄS ЄRVЄVS\" (Count Harvey), which surrounds a sickle and star. The reverse bears the legend \"NIVЄRNIS CIVIT\" (City of Nevers) around a cross.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":53335809425692,"sku":"MR-FR-HERVEIV","price":74.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":53335809458460,"sku":"MR-FR-HERVEIV-NO","price":59.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/frenchdeniers.jpg?v=1763153827"},{"product_id":"mysia-city-of-pergamon-silver-diobol-with-heracles-athena-310-to-284-bce-greek-world","title":"Mysia, City of Pergamon, Silver Diobol with Heracles \u0026 Athena - 310 to 284 BCE - Greek World","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese ancient Greek silver coins are from the city of Pergamon, a powerful city in modern day Turkey. They are known as diobols\u003cspan\u003e—a denomination w\u003c\/span\u003eorth two obols, or one-third of a drachm. Diobols sat on the lower end of the currency system, used for everyday small purchases, and were widely issued across the Greek world.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePergamon was an ancient Greek city in what’s now western Turkey. Its political relevance in the Hellenistic period comes from the fact that it rose from a minor fortress in the former Achaemenid realm to one of the major powers of the post-Alexander world. When Alexander the Great’s empire fractured, Pergamon initially belonged to the Seleucids, but its local rulers—the Attalid dynasty—gradually asserted independence. What began as a modest stronghold would transform into a flourishing cultural and political center between the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese diobols show the head of Herakles (Hercules) on the obverse side, adorned with a lion skin. The reverse shows a statue of Pallas Athena, the goddess of wisdom.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":53367249994012,"sku":"AC-MYSIA-PERG-DBL","price":114.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":53367250026780,"sku":"AC-MYSIA-PERG-DBL-NO","price":99.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/mysia_pergamon_diobol_in_box.jpg?v=1764447958"},{"product_id":"byzantine-empire-anonymous-follis-portrait-of-jesus-christ-969-to-1118-ce-byzantine-empire","title":"Byzantine Empire, Anonymous Follis, Portrait of Jesus Christ - 969 to 1118 CE - Byzantine Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese bronze coins of the Byzantine Empire were issued anonymously under various emperors, with the usual imperial portraits being replaced by a portrait of Jesus Christ. Collectively, these issues are known as anonymous Byzantine folles—“follis” being the denomination, with “folles” as its plural form.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough images of Christ eventually became common on Byzantine coinage, they appeared very gradually. The earliest known depiction of Jesus on a coin dates to the reign of Justinian II (685 - 695 CE), when his portrait was introduced on a gold solidus. Bronze coinage, however, did not adopt Christ’s image until much later—nearly a millennium after the traditional date of Christ’s birth.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA major shift occurred in the late tenth century under Emperor John I Tzimisces, who reigned from 969 to 976 CE. From his reign onward, and lasting for roughly 123 years, Byzantine emperors ceased placing their own likenesses on bronze coins. Instead, these issues featured Christ alone, emphasizing the emperor’s subordinate role to divine authority.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost of these coins depict a bearded bust of Christ framed by a cross and encircled by a halo. While the obverse design remained relatively consistent, the reverses vary in layout and inscription, with the most frequently encountered legends proclaiming either “Jesus Christ, King of Kings,\" or the phrase “May Jesus Christ Conquer.”\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":53501157343516,"sku":"MR-BYZ-ANON-FOL","price":99.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":53501157376284,"sku":"MR-BYZ-ANON-FOL-NO","price":84.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/anonfollisinbox.jpg?v=1765569425"},{"product_id":"phoenicians-city-of-sidon-silver-sixteenth-shekel-c-384-to-332-greek-world","title":"Phoenicians, City of Sidon, Silver Sixteenth Shekel - c. 384 to 332 BCE - Ancient Lebanon","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese silver one-sixteenth shekel coins were struck in the Phoenician city of Sidon. Each shows a war galley on the obverse and a king slaying a lion on the reverse.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Phoenicians were an ancient seafaring people who lived in a network of independent city-states along the eastern Mediterranean coast, especially in what is now Lebanon. Major centers like Byblos, Sidon, and Tyre operated as politically separate communities rather than a single unified nation, and much of what we know about them comes from outside sources, since very few Phoenician historical writings survived.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a long time, the Phoenicians were treated as a “missing” civilization in the historical record, but discoveries of Phoenician inscriptions beginning in the early modern era helped scholars understand them more clearly. Their greatest long-term contribution was the creation of one of the earliest confirmed alphabets, adapted from earlier scripts and later spread widely through Mediterranean trade, influencing Greek writing and eventually the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets. Phoenician merchants also established colonies across the sea, including Carthage—founded by settlers from Tyre as a strategic hub for trade and resupply—whose Punic name meant “New City.”\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhoenician power peaked around the 9th century BCE and later weakened under rising empires like the Assyrians and Persians. Their cultural and commercial impact ended with the Roman conquest of Carthage in the mid-2nd century BCE.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":53738123919644,"sku":"AC-PHON-16SHKL","price":89.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":53738123952412,"sku":"AC-PHON-16SHKL-NO","price":74.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/sixteenthshekelinbox.jpg?v=1768601663"},{"product_id":"mongols-the-ilkhanate-togha-temur-period-of-the-black-death-1336-to-1353-ce-mongol-khanates","title":"Mongols, The Ilkhanate, Togha Temür (Time of the Black Death) - 1336 to 1353 CE - Mongol Khanates","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese copper \"fals\" coins were minted by the Ilkhanate, one of the four Mongol khanates that formed out of the original conquests of Genghis Khan. The coins were struck during the time of Togha Temür, a descendant of Genghis Khan's brother, who claimed the Ilkhanate throne from 1337 to 1353. This was also the time in which the Ilkhanate was hardest hit by the Black Death, before the infamous disease spread westward and killed up to half of Europe's population.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eShortly after the death of Genghis Khan, his vast empire split into four separate states controlled by his descendants. These smaller empires were called \"khanates,\" and consisted of the Yuan dynasty in China, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, the Golden Horde in Eastern Europe, and the Ilkhanate, which was centered around modern day Iran.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Mongols in the Ilkhanate were not ethnically Iranian, but nonetheless tried to present themselves as the heirs of the ancient Sasanian Empire--one of the high points of Persian civilization. The later Ilkhanate rulers assimilated with local traditions as well, such as converting to Islam. They took significant inspiration from the Chinese system of government, with their leaders adopting the dragon clothing of Imperial China and even creating official seals with Chinese characters.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Black Death played a major role in the weakening and decline of the Ilkhanate, as the last official ilkan and his son died by the disease in 1335. With no clear line of succession, many challengers rose to claim the Ilkhanate throne, including Togha Temür. The empire eventually disintegrated into multiple smaller states, ceasing to exist.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":53823967265052,"sku":"MR-MNG-ILK-TIMUR","price":22.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":53823967297820,"sku":"MR-MNG-ILK-TIMUR-NO","price":7.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Ilkhanate_timur_in_box.jpg?v=1769749207"},{"product_id":"coins-of-the-roman-commoner-a-collection-of-three-affordable-coins-27-bce-to-476-ce-roman-empire","title":"Coins of the Roman Commoner (Collection of 3 Affordable Ancient Coins) - 27 BCE to 476 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis three-coin collection brings together genuine, well-circulated examples of the Roman Empire’s most widely used denominations: a silver denarius, a debased antoninianus, and a late bronze nummus. Spanning the height, crisis years, and final centuries of Roman rule, these coins would have been used by the everyday Roman commoner and are a living example of the empire's economic story.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe denarius was the backbone of Rome’s economy for nearly 450 years, a small silver coin typically bearing the portrait of the reigning emperor and symbolic imagery on the reverse. In the 3rd century it was gradually displaced by the antoninianus, introduced under Emperor Caracalla as a higher-value piece but struck with far less silver—an early step in the inflation that shook the empire during its turbulent middle years. By the 4th century, as precious metals grew scarce, everyday commerce relied on the small bronze nummus, the practical coin of Rome’s later world, which was sometimes plated in silver but had a much lower value overall.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTogether, these three coins depict the rise and fall of the Roman Empire, seen through the everyday currency that passed through an ordinary citizen’s hands.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":53905026580764,"sku":"COL-ROM-COMMON","price":59.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":53905026613532,"sku":"COL-ROM-COMMON-NO","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/COL-ROM-COMMON_bookshelf.jpg?v=1771011221"},{"product_id":"umayyad-caliphate-anonymous-silver-dirham-697-to-750-ce-islamic-caliphates","title":"Umayyad Caliphate, Anonymous Silver Dirham - 697 to 750 CE - Islamic Caliphates","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese silver dirhams were struck at Wasit between 738 and 744 CE, during the later years of the Umayyad Caliphate under Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik and his immediate successors. Wasit, founded in the late 7th century as a military and administrative center, became one of the premier mints of the eastern Islamic world.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUmayyad dirhams are notable for their inscriptional design. Unlike earlier Byzantine or Sasanian coinage that featured rulers or religious imagery, these coins bear only Arabic inscriptions drawn from Qur’anic text and declarations of faith. This reform, introduced under the Umayyads in the late 7th century, created a distinctly Islamic coinage that emphasized religious message over portraiture.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdministrative centers like Wasit were responsible for taxation, military logistics, and producing the silver currency that moved along trade routes stretching from the Mediterranean to Central Asia. These dirhams would have circulated widely across that network, facilitating commerce in a rapidly interconnected world.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese issues come from the final decades of Umayyad rule before the Abbasid Revolution of 750 CE. As such, they are products of a mature but increasingly pressured empire, reflecting both the administrative sophistication and the political tensions of the late Umayyad period.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":53931068457244,"sku":"MR-UMAYYAD-DHM","price":99.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":53931068490012,"sku":"MR-UMAYYAD-DHM-NO","price":84.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/umayyad_dirham_in_box.jpg?v=1771528711"},{"product_id":"kingdom-of-bohemia-george-of-podebrady-1-heller-1458-to-1471-ce-medieval-europe","title":"Kingdom of Bohemia, George of Poděbrady, 1 Heller - 1458 to 1471 CE - Medieval Europe","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThese small silver hellers were struck during the reign of George of Poděbrady, who ruled the Kingdom of Bohemia (in the modern day Czech Republic) from 1458 to 1471 CE. An elected Bohemian noble rather than a foreign dynastic ruler, George came to power in the aftermath of the Hussite conflicts, a period of prolonged religious and political instability.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHe is notable for pursuing diplomatic solutions to Europe’s divisions rather than crusade, even proposing a cooperative league of Christian rulers, an idea some have described as a distant precursor to later European political congresses.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThis coinage belongs to a transitional era in Central Europe, when new ideas about governance, diplomacy, and regional identity were beginning to emerge. Unlike large ceremonial issues, these hellers were intended for everyday use. They circulated widely among the working-class to form the backbone of the late medieval economy. Their typically crude strikes, irregular shapes, and compact size reflect rapid production and heavy use.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese coins feature the Bohemian lion and are uniface, meaning the design appears on only one side.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":53967459582236,"sku":"MR-BOHEMIA-GPOD","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":53967459615004,"sku":"MR-BOHEMIA-GPOD-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/bohemia_coin_in_box.jpg?v=1773443958"},{"product_id":"thessaly-greek-city-state-of-pelinna-bronze-unit-c-306-to-197-bce-ancient-greece","title":"Thessaly, Greek City-State of Pelinna, Bronze Unit - c. 306 to 197 BCE - Ancient Greece","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese coins are from the Greek city-state of Pelinna, in the region of Thessaly. The obverse shows a horseman with a spear, while the reverse shows Mantho (also spelled \"Manto\"), the daughter of a famous Greek prophet, sitting or standing beside a casket.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLocated in Northern Greece and bordering the Aegean sea, Thessaly was recognized for its vast plains and mountains, which were well watered by the River Peneus and its tributaries, which made Thessaly a fertile region known for its horses, cattle and grains.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the 4th century BC, Thessaly experienced significant political and military transformations. Powerful aristocratic families emerged under Jason of Pherae, who unified Thessaly and consolidated its military power. Jason forged alliances with Thebes in 375 BC and sought to restore Thessaly’s influence in Greek affairs. However, Jason’s assassination in 370 sent the region into political instability as his successors were unable to maintain unity. The region fractured until ultimately falling under the control of Philip II of Macedon.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePhilip II of Macedon was appointed Archon of Thessaly, bringing the region under Macedonian control during the late 4th Century.  Thessaly’s autonomy eroded as Philip II brought the region under Macedonian control. Thessaly’s renowned cavalry, the Thessalian League, was used to supplement the Macedonian armies and fight for Macedonian interests. By the end of the century, Thessaly shifted from a semi-independent federal league to a vassal territory of the Macedonian Kingdom. This arrangement continued under Alexander the Great, who also assumed the archonship despite attempted revolts from Thessaly and other semi-independent states. Alexander the Great’s success at quelling the revolt further cemented Macedonian control over Thessaly's political institutions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":54118299500828,"sku":"AC-THESS-PEL-HORSE","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":54118299533596,"sku":"AC-THESS-PEL-HORSE-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/AC-THESS-PEL-HORSE.jpg?v=1778871332"},{"product_id":"china-warring-states-state-of-chu-ant-nose-money-400-to-200-bce-ancient-china","title":"China, Warring States, State of Chu, \"Ant Nose\" Money - 400 to 200 BCE - Ancient China","description":"\u003cp\u003eThe ant-nose coin, also known as the ghost-face coin, is a cowrie-shaped copper coin minted by the Chu State during the early Warring States period (400-200 BCE). These names derive from the shape and appearance on the obverse which most often bears one or two characters, which some believe either resembles a “ghost face” or “an ant crawling on a nose.” The coin has a convex face and a flat back, shaped with a rounded bottom and pointed top—often with a hole in the pointed tip. These small coins developed from early cowrie-shell exchange currency used during the Shang and Zhou dynasties.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCowrie shells circulated extensively. Graves excavated from the Shang Dynasty sometimes included thousands of shells as an offering to Yan Wang, the judge of the underworld. However, because quantities of natural shells were limited, during the Warring States period, copper and bronze versions of the cowrie shells were cast as were other metal forms of money such as knives and spades. The metal shells were buried as funerary objects, though they attracted the attention of grave robbers. In response, symbolic burial money made from hardened clay gradually began to replace metal coins in tombs.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExamples of Chu ant-nose money have been unearthed across a wide area of China, including modern-day Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, and Shaanxi. Most surviving pieces are often heavily patinated after centuries underground; their unique shape easily makes them one of the most recognizable and studied forms of pre-imperial Chinese currency.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":54140038971676,"sku":"AC-CHINA-ANT","price":69.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":54140039004444,"sku":"AC-CHINA-ANT-NO","price":54.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/AC-CHINA-ANT.jpg?v=1779491850"},{"product_id":"kurzuwan-under-siege-by-genghis-khan-copper-jital-1221-ce-mongol-empire","title":"Kurzuwan Copper Jital, Struck During the Siege of Genghis Khan - 1221 CE - The Mongol Invasion","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese copper jitals were struck over a period of two months in Kurzuwan, located in modern-day Afghanistan, while the city was under siege by Mongol forces led by Genghis Khan. The coins bear Arabic inscriptions naming the malik (local ruler) of Kurzuwan, along with Islamic religious mottos rendered in Kufic script. Kurzuwan fell to the Mongols just a few weeks after these coins were minted, and the city was completely destroyed.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBorn as Temüjin, Genghis Khan united the Mongol tribes and created the largest contiguous empire in history. His reign began in 1206, and his conquest expanded the Mongol Empire across Asia and into Europe. By 1227, the empire had expanded to encompass 24 million square kilometers and a wide range of cultures.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoins were not originally used by the Mongols, as they measured their wealth in horses, sheep, and cattle, but currency was used in many of the societies they conquered. As they expanded their power into the urban domains of the Middle East and China, they had to adapt to the use of currency as it was familiar to its given population.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBecause of this, the coinage produced by the Mongols looks very similar to Islamic or Chinese coins of the era, and these jitals were originally attributed to Genghis Khan himself until modern research uncovered their true origin.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":54160951345436,"sku":"MR-MNG-SIEGE","price":119.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":54160951378204,"sku":"MR-MNG-SIEGE-NO","price":104.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/MR-MNG-SIEGE.jpg?v=1780086275"},{"product_id":"french-states-county-of-gien-geoffrey-iii-silver-denier-1120-to-1160-ce-medieval-europe","title":"French States, County of Gien, Geoffrey III, Silver Denier - 1120 to 1160 CE - Medieval Europe","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese silver deniers were struck in the French county of Gien during the rule of Geoffrey III in the 12th century CE—around the time of France's involvement in the Second Crusade. The obverse depicts a cross, with a hammer and a coin in two of its quarters, while the reverse shows the “Fulk” monogram, which originated with the successful rulers of the County of Anjou and was later used by their descendants and neighboring states.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough not much is known about the life of Geoffrey III of Gien, he was part of a family of French rulers that played influential roles in the Crusades. In fact, some numismatists believe that these coins are actually “immobilized” coinage of Geoffrey II of Donzy, who fought in the First Crusade—meaning the coins were minted to posthumously honor the name of the earlier Geoffrey.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe County of Gien itself was part of a broader mix of territories mostly controlled by local rulers at the time of Geoffrey III’s rule. Though France did have a central monarchy, whose authority had expanded significantly over the previous century, many regions were still governed by a patchwork of semi-independent lords who only loosely acknowledged the king. A more unified France gradually emerged as these lands were brought together through a complex series of wars, inheritances, and marriages.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":54219930206492,"sku":"MR-FR-GIEN-GEO3","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":54219930239260,"sku":"MR-FR-GIEN-GEO3-NO","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/geoffreyiiiofgieninbox.jpg?v=1781907368"},{"product_id":"ancient-lead-sling-bullet-glandes-plumbeae-c-500-to-1-bce-ancient-europe","title":"Ancient Lead Sling Bullet (Glandes Plumbeae) - c. 400 to 1 BCE - Ancient Europe","description":"\u003cp data-renderer-start-pos=\"1\"\u003eThe sling was one of the most deadly ranged weapons of the ancient world, despite being often overshadowed by swords, spears, and bows. This deceptively simple device launched projectiles with astonishing speed and force that could shatter bones, rip through shields, and inflict devastating injuries. Early slings hurled stones or baked clay, but by the 5th century BCE Greek and Roman armies had adopted these cast lead ammunition known as glandes plumbeae or \"lead acorns,\" named for their distinctive almond- or acorn-shaped form. Smaller, denser, and more aerodynamic than stone, these lead bullets exceeded speeds of 62 mph, with some expert estimates approaching 100 mph.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-renderer-start-pos=\"682\"\u003eSome surviving lead bullets also revealed a form of ancient psychological warfare. Archaeologists uncovered glandes with inscriptions meant to intimidate or mock their opponents, \"Take this!\" (Accipe hoc!) or \"Ouch!\" (Dexai! in Greek). Others invoked divine assistance featuring symbols like thunderbolts to represent the might of Zeus or Jupiter. Even writers of the time praised the sling's power; historian Procopius claimed it could outrange the Hun bow, while poets fancifully wrote that its lead bullets became so hot in flight they melted through the air. Though fanciful exaggeration, such accounts reflect the weapon's fearsome reputation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-renderer-start-pos=\"1334\"\u003eIts most famous appearance is the biblical story of David and Goliath, in which the young shepherd, David, felled a heavily armored giant with a single well-placed stone. Because slings were inexpensive, easy to make, and commonly carried by shepherds, they became a practical weapon for militias throughout the ancient Near East, and continued to be used in some capacities well into the medieval period. Today, the glandes plumbeae and the sling remain a symbol of skill and precision, with modern enthusiasts and historians reviving interest in this ancient weapon.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003e includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":54244276535580,"sku":"AC-LEAD-SLING","price":69.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":54244276568348,"sku":"AC-LEAD-SLING-NO","price":54.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/sling_bullet_in_box.jpg?v=1782509865"},{"product_id":"roman-republic-silver-denarius-random-type-211-to-31-bce-ancient-rome","title":"Roman Republic, Silver Denarius (Random Type) - 211 to 31 BCE - Ancient Rome","description":"\u003cp data-renderer-start-pos=\"1\"\u003eThe denarius was a Roman silver coin introduced during the Second Punic War in 211 BCE. These specific denarii were minted during the Roman Republic, before Rome was ruled by emperors. As a result, they generally do not depict living rulers, unlike later Roman denarii. Instead, they feature an assortment of deities—most commonly Roma, the personification of the city of Rome—and occasionally some legendary Roman kings. Julius Caesar was the first Roman ruler to have his portrait appear on Roman coinage, with his likeness first appearing on denarii in 44 BCE, during the final years of the Republic.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-renderer-start-pos=\"1\"\u003eThe denarius remained Rome's principal silver coin for centuries, making it one of the best-documented currencies of the ancient world. The Greek historian Polybius wrote that around 150 BCE, a Roman foot soldier's annual pay was equal to about 120 denarii. Later, the writers of the Bible also recorded insights into its purchasing power: laborers are paid one denarius for a day's work in the Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard, and in the Parable of the Good Samaritan, two denarii are given to an innkeeper to care for an injured man. Even so, determining the purchasing power of a denarius outside of these historical snapshots is difficult, as its value—like that of modern currency—depended on many factors.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp data-renderer-start-pos=\"1\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\" style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e includes one silver denarius of a \u003cstrong\u003erandom type\u003c\/strong\u003e minted during the time of the Roman Republic, as well as a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":54269845995804,"sku":"AC-ROM-D-REPUBLIC","price":139.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":54269846028572,"sku":"AC-ROM-D-REPUBLIC-NO","price":124.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/AC-ROM-D-REPUBLIC.jpg?v=1783097887"}],"url":"https:\/\/www.historyhoard.com\/collections\/featured-items.oembed?page=2","provider":"History Hoard","version":"1.0","type":"link"}