{"title":"Ancient Rome","description":"","products":[{"product_id":"ancient-collection-six-empires","title":"The Ancient Collection - 100 AD - 6 Coins","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eAncient Collection\u003c\/strong\u003e features coins from six different cultures that flourished during antiquity. The collection includes:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eA \u003cstrong\u003eRoman\u003c\/strong\u003e bronze nummus from the Constantinian dynasty, featuring the portrait of Constantine the Great or one of his sons (c. 306 to 363 CE)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA bronze coin from the kingdom of \u003cstrong\u003eElymais\u003c\/strong\u003e, which existed near present day Iran during the Hellenistic period (c. 147 BCE to 224 CE)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA prutah from ancient \u003cstrong\u003eJudea\u003c\/strong\u003e, which bore witness to the tumultuous times of Roman occupation (c. 140 BCE to 70 CE)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA bronze coin from the \u003cstrong\u003eNabataean Kingdom\u003c\/strong\u003e, the builders of the famous rock carved city of Petra\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA \u003cstrong\u003eChinese\u003c\/strong\u003e wu zhu from the Han dynasty (141 to 87 BCE)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA copper coin from the \u003cstrong\u003eNagas of Narwar\u003c\/strong\u003e in India (200 to 340 CE)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThough lacking in precious metal content, these low denomination coins are especially interesting from a historical point of view because they were actually used in everyday transactions. As the currency of the common people, these coins were used to pay for a wide variety of goods and services, as well as taxes. They provide a glimpse into the everyday lives of people in ancient times and can tell us about the economy, trade, and social norms of the period.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThis collection comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e, and each of the coins has been professionally cleaned and conserved.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":12459383160879,"sku":"AC-COL-ANCFULL","price":109.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/PhotoRoom-20230823_154642.png?v=1743105378"},{"product_id":"roman-emperor-nero-tetradrachm-54-ad","title":"Roman Egypt, Emperor Nero, Billon Tetradrachm - 54 AD - Roman Provinces","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eFrom the stories of tyranny and debauchery to his unmistakable chin, \u003cstrong\u003eEmperor Nero\u003c\/strong\u003e is easily one of the most infamous leaders in Roman history.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHe certainly had a strong affinity to violence\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e—\u003c\/span\u003eNero attempted to murder his own mother several times before finally succeeding, and also killed at least one of his wives. His demise ended the \u003cstrong\u003eJudio-Claudian dynasty\u003c\/strong\u003e and left a legacy of chaos, leading to the disastrous \"Year of Four Emperors\" that left Rome without a clear ruler. However, the one thing Nero probably didn't do was play his fiddle as Rome burned down\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e—this is only a myth, alt\u003c\/span\u003ehough his reputation certainly makes it believable.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese \u003cem\u003e\u003c\/em\u003etetradrachms were minted in \u003cstrong\u003eAlexandria, Egypt\u003c\/strong\u003e, and were made from a silver alloy called \u003cem\u003ebillon\u003c\/em\u003e. At the time, Alexandria was not a traditional part of the Roman Empire, but rather it was considered the emperor's personal possession. Even Roman senators were not allowed to visit the area without the express permission of the emperor, and coins minted within Egypt did not circulate outside the region.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe coins feature the \u003cstrong\u003eradiate bust of Nero\u003c\/strong\u003e on the obverse side. The reverse side of these coins vary, depicting\u003cstrong\u003e over 150 variants of royals, Egyptian deities, and other figures.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32906816159791,"sku":"AC-EGY-ROM-NERO","price":149.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553827455260,"sku":"AC-EGY-ROM-NERO-NO","price":134.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Nero_Tets_new.jpg?v=1780687543"},{"product_id":"roman-egypt-bronze-tetradrachm-225-ad","title":"Roman Egypt, Debased Silver Tetradrachm - c. 225 to 300 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThese tetradrachms, issued under Roman rule, were struck at the city of \u003cstrong\u003eAlexandria \u003c\/strong\u003ein the Nile River delta\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e. Each coin was made from a mixture of bronze and a small amount of silver, a material known as billon. They show a unique blend of cultures as well: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ethe deities seen on the reverse are stylistically Egyptian, yet the portrait of the emperor on the obverse is unmistakably Roman.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince ancient Egyptian culture was very distinct to that of the Greeks and Romans, it's easy to forget that Egypt wasn't actually ruled by Egyptians for the last thousand years of ancient history.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEgypt was first conquered by the Persian \u003cstrong\u003eAchaemenid Empire\u003c\/strong\u003e in the sixth century BC, who continued to rule for about 200 years. When \u003cstrong\u003eAlexander the Great \u003c\/strong\u003efamously conquered Egypt and established the Greek \u003cstrong\u003ePtolemaic Kingdom\u003c\/strong\u003e in 332 BC, it was actually already under foreign rule.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 30 AD, Egypt changed hands yet again\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e—\u003c\/span\u003eafter a \u003cstrong\u003eRoman offensive in Alexandria\u003c\/strong\u003e and the suicide of the last Ptolemaic ruler \u003cstrong\u003eCleopatra\u003c\/strong\u003e, the region was absorbed into the Roman Empire as the\u003cstrong\u003e province of Egypt. \u003c\/strong\u003eRoman rule in the region would last until 641 AD, as Egypt was retained by the Byzantines even after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach of these coins includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32930758426671,"sku":"AC-EGY-ROM-TR","price":74.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553825882396,"sku":"AC-EGY-ROM-TR-NO","price":59.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/new_egypt_tets_in_box.jpg?v=1743105313"},{"product_id":"early-byzantine-follis-600-ad","title":"Early Byzantine Follis - 600 AD - East Europe","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eThese bronze coins of the \u003cstrong\u003eByzantine Empire\u003c\/strong\u003e are known as a follis. The large \"M\" or \"K\" struck onto the reverse indicates the denomination, which was 40 or 20 nummi respectively. They all date back to approximately the 7th century CE, and feature various emperors on the obverse side. Their size varies between 3\/4 inches (15mm) and 1 1\/4 inches (30mm) in diameter.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Byzantine Empire (also known as the \u003cstrong\u003eEastern Roman Empire\u003c\/strong\u003e) was a continuation of the ancient Roman Empire. It technically formed in 395 AD when the empire split into East and West, though Romans at the time hardly made that distinction. While the Western Empire would fall in the late 400's AD, Byzantine rule lasted well into the Middle Ages until 1453. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":40002122678319,"sku":"AC-BYZ-FOLLIS","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin, certificate, and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553824080156,"sku":"AC-BYZ-FOLLIS-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Follis.jpg?v=1743105267"},{"product_id":"posthumous-issue-constantine-the-great-c-337-to-347-ce-roman-empire","title":"Posthumous Issue, Constantine the Great - c. 337 to 347 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e After the death of \u003cstrong\u003eConstantine the Great\u003c\/strong\u003e in 337 CE, his three sons inherited the throne as co-emperors of the Roman Empire. To honor their father's memory and solidify his legacy, they issued posthumous coins featuring his likeness, which was a common practice in the Roman Empire. These coins often depicted \u003cstrong\u003eConstantine wearing a veil\u003c\/strong\u003e, a symbol of his deification and his identification with the gods. By portraying Constantine as a divine figure, the coins emphasized his significance and influence within the empire, and reinforced the idea that he was a powerful and effective ruler who deserved to be venerated.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConstantine I (dubbed \"the Great\") was a Roman emperor who ruled from 306 CE to 337 CE. He is known for his major accomplishments such as the Edict of Milan, which granted religious tolerance to Christians, the Council of Nicaea, where he established a unified doctrine for Christianity, and the construction of monumental structures like the Hagia Sophia. He died in 337 AD and was succeeded by his three sons, Constantine II who ruled over the western Roman Empire, Constantius II who ruled over the East, and Constans who ruled over Italy and Africa.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":44612297785628,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTPH","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553814348060,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTPH-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/VeiledConstantine.jpg?v=1743105152"},{"product_id":"urbs-roma-commemorative-coin-romulus-and-remus-c-330-to-336-ce-roman-empire","title":"Urbs Roma Coin, Romulus and Remus - c. 330 to 336 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003eThese Urbs Roma commemorative Roman coins were minted during the reign of Emperor \u003cstrong\u003eConstantine the Great\u003c\/strong\u003e, to mark the establishment of Constantinople as the new capital of the Roman Empire. \u003cstrong\u003e\"Urbs Roma\"\u003c\/strong\u003e is Latin for \u003cstrong\u003e\"To the City of Rome,\"\u003c\/strong\u003e a slogan that is seen on the obverse side of these coins.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis celebration of the city of Rome was likely strategic\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e—b\u003c\/span\u003ey praising the city on these coins, Constantine sought to emphasize the continuity of the Roman Empire and its rich cultural heritage, despite the shift in political power to a new capital.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003epersonification of Roma\u003c\/strong\u003e, the goddess of the city of Rome, is used as a symbol of strength and authority on the obverse side of these coins. The reverse side displays a she-wolf suckling the legendary founders of Rome, \u003cstrong\u003eRomulus and Remus\u003c\/strong\u003e, an ode to the foundational myth of the city.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs the story goes, Romulus and Remus were twin brothers born to the vestal virgin Rhea Silvia and the god Mars. As pawns in a royal power struggle, they were abandoned as infants and raised by a she-wolf in the wilderness. Upon discovering their royal heritage, they decided to build a city but disagreed on its location. This dispute escalated into a violent confrontation, resulting in Romulus killing Remus. Romulus then founded Rome in 753 BCE, becoming its first king and establishing a legacy that would shape Western civilization.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":44939680383260,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-URBS","price":64.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553813332252,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-URBS-NO","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/UrbsRoma.jpg?v=1743105132"},{"product_id":"roman-silver-antoninianus-third-century-c-200-to-300-ce-roman-empire","title":"Rome, Early 3rd Cent. Antoninianus (30% silver) - c. 215 to 300 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e These Roman coins are called \u003cstrong\u003eantoniniani\u003c\/strong\u003e (singular: antoninianus) by modern scholars, although their true name in ancient times is not known. \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThey were introduced by Emperor Caracalla in 215 CE as a higher value replacement for the denarius, despite the fact that their silver purity was much lower, and because of this an antoninianus is sometimes called a \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003edouble denarius\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf course, lowering the silver content of currency, a process called \u003cstrong\u003edebasement\u003c\/strong\u003e, was not without consequence in ancient Rome. It quickly led to runaway inflation, leading the Roman government to produce even more coins with even less silver to compensate. Although the Roman antoninianus was originally minted at about 40% purity, by the 270s the coins were less than 5% silver and almost entirely made from bronze.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis was a contributing factor to the Crisis of the Third Century, a tumultuous period spanning from 235 to 284 CE that almost caused the collapse of the Roman Empire. In addition to a failing economy, the empire grappled with internal political strife, military coups, and relentless invasions from external forces. By 268 CE Rome had split into three separate states: the Gallic Empire in the west, the Palmyrene Empire in the east, and the Roman Empire proper. Chaos erupted as at least 26 different claimants to the title of emperor emerged, only ending in 284 when Diocletian reasserted the power of Rome's central government.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe coins on this listing were all issued during the mid-3rd century, when silver purity was still about 20 to 40 percent.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":45161832939804,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3RD","price":54.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553812775196,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3RD-NO","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/3cantoninianus_ef12aee5-dd72-419d-8294-c6de7f2fd5d8.jpg?v=1743105123"},{"product_id":"rome-late-3rd-cent-antoninianus-c-268-to-300-ce-roman-empire","title":"Rome, Late 3rd Cent. Antoninianus (5% silver) - c. 268 to 300 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e These Roman coins are called \u003cstrong\u003eantoniniani\u003c\/strong\u003e (singular: antoninianus) by modern scholars, although their true name in ancient times is not known. They were introduced by Emperor Caracalla in 215 CE as a higher value replacement for the denarius, despite the fact that their silver purity was much lower, and because of this an antoninianus is sometimes called a \u003cstrong\u003edouble denarius\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf course, lowering the silver content of currency, a process called \u003cstrong\u003edebasement\u003c\/strong\u003e, was not without consequence in ancient Rome. It quickly led to runaway inflation, leading the Roman government to produce even more coins with even less silver to compensate. Although the Roman antoninianus was originally minted at about 40% purity, by the 270s the coins were less than 5% silver and almost entirely made from bronze.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis was a contributing factor to the Crisis of the Third Century, a tumultuous period spanning from 235 to 284 CE that almost caused the collapse of the Roman Empire. In addition to a failing economy, the empire grappled with internal political strife, military coups, and relentless invasions from external forces. By 268 CE Rome had split into three separate states: the Gallic Empire in the west, the Palmyrene Empire in the east, and the Roman Empire proper. Chaos erupted as at least 26 different claimants to the title of emperor emerged, only ending in 284 when Diocletian reasserted the power of Rome's central government.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe coins on this listing were all issued during the late 3rd century, when silver purity had dropped to around 5% or below.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Random","offer_id":47538915246364,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-RAND","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Tetricus I (271 - 274 CE)","offer_id":45505174569244,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-TETONE","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Tetricus II (273 - 274 CE)","offer_id":47538915279132,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-TETTWO","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Victorinus (269 - 271 CE)","offer_id":47538915311900,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-VICTOR","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Postumus (260 - 269 CE)","offer_id":47538915344668,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-POSTUM","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Gallienus (253 - 268 CE)","offer_id":47538915410204,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-GALLIE","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Claudius Gothicus (268 - 270 CE)","offer_id":47538915442972,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-CLGOTH","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Random","offer_id":51553811333404,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-RAND-NO","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Tetricus I (271 - 274 CE)","offer_id":51553811366172,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-TETONE-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Tetricus II (273 - 274 CE)","offer_id":51553811398940,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-TETTWO-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Victorinus (269 - 271 CE)","offer_id":51553811431708,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-VICTOR-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Postumus (260 - 269 CE)","offer_id":51553811464476,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-POSTUM-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Gallienus (253 - 268 CE)","offer_id":51553811497244,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-GALLIE-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Claudius Gothicus (268 - 270 CE)","offer_id":51553811530012,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-CLGOTH-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Late3cAntoninianusBlackbg.jpg?v=1743105104"},{"product_id":"the-decline-of-roman-silver-three-coin-collection-c-193-to-300-ce-roman-empire","title":"The Decline of Roman Silver, Three Coin Collection - c. 193 to 300 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e This set of three coins shows the declining silver purity of Roman currency during the 3rd century CE. The coins included and their silver contents are described below:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDenarius\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e: \u003c\/strong\u003ecirca 138 - 238 CE, about 50% purity\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eEarly antoninianus:\u003c\/strong\u003e circa 238 - 268 CE, about 30% purity\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eLater antoninianus:\u003c\/strong\u003e circa 268 - 300 CE, less than 5% purity\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter promising to increase the Roman army's pay, Emperor Caracalla faced the need to create more currency. However, to make more of the existing silver coinage like the denarius, the empire would have to use more silver than it had access to. So Caracalla made a bold choice: he created a coin worth two denarii, called the \u003cstrong\u003eantoninianus\u003c\/strong\u003e, but lowered the silver purity to only include 1.5 denarii worth of silver in each coin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnfortunately for Caracalla, \u003cstrong\u003edebasing\u003c\/strong\u003e the silver content of currency was not without consequence in ancient Rome. It quickly led to runaway inflation, leading the Roman government to produce even more coins with even less silver to compensate. Although the Roman antoninianus was originally minted at about 40% purity, by the 270s the coins were less than 5% silver and almost entirely made from bronze.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis was a contributing factor to the Crisis of the Third Century, a tumultuous period spanning from 235 to 284 CE that almost caused the collapse of the Roman Empire. In addition to a failing economy, the empire grappled with internal political strife, military coups, and relentless invasions from external forces. By 268 CE Rome had split into three separate states: the Gallic Empire in the west, the Palmyrene Empire in the east, and the Roman Empire proper. Chaos erupted as at least 26 different claimants to the title of emperor emerged, only ending in 284 when Diocletian reasserted the power of Rome's central government.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":45505209073948,"sku":"COL-ROM-SILVER","price":139.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553811202332,"sku":"COL-ROM-SILVER-NO","price":124.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Romedecliningsilverswitchcoin.jpg?v=1743105102"},{"product_id":"roman-bronze-nummus-constantinian-dynasty-c-306-to-361-ce-roman-empire","title":"Roman Bronze Nummus, Constantine the Great \u0026 Sons - c. 306 to 361 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThese high grade Roman bronzes of Constantine the Great and his sons are an excellent way to connect with the rich history of the Roman Empire. A portrait of your chosen emperor will be on the obverse side, while the reverse will show various gods, goddesses, and allegorical figures. Our coins were struck under the reign of \u003cstrong\u003eConstantine the Great (c. 272 to 337 CE)\u003c\/strong\u003e and his sons, \u003cstrong\u003eConstantine II\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eConstantius II\u003c\/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003eConstans\u003c\/strong\u003e, who inherited the throne after their father’s death. Each ruled over different portions of the empire.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThese coins were used for everyday transactions, like paying soldiers and taxes, and are a unique way to own a piece of ancient history. Each coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e and has been professionally cleaned and conserved.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eWhat is a \u003cem\u003enummus\u003c\/em\u003e?\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe Roman nummus was a small bronze coin that was widely used during the empire's later years. Introduced in the 4th century AD, it was made of a copper-based alloy and was created to address the shortage of gold and silver in the empire. The nummus became the most common coin used for everyday transactions and for paying soldiers and taxes. Despite their small denomination, the coins played a significant role in the empire's economy and they are considered valuable pieces of Roman numismatics.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eWho was Constantine the Great?\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eConstantine I (dubbed \"the Great\") was a Roman emperor who ruled from 306 CE to 337 CE. He is known for his major accomplishments such as the Edict of Milan, which granted religious tolerance to Christians, the Council of Nicaea, where he established a unified doctrine for Christianity, and the construction of monumental structures like the Hagia Sophia. He died in 337 AD and was succeeded by his three sons, Constantine II who ruled over the western Roman Empire, Constantius II who ruled over the East, and Constans who ruled over Italy and Africa.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Random \/ Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":46203343503644,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-RAND","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Random \/ No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":46203343536412,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-RAND-NO","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Constans (337 - 350 AD) \/ Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":46203343569180,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTANS","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Constans (337 - 350 AD) \/ No display - just the coin certificate and info card","offer_id":46203343601948,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTANS-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Constantius II (337 - 361 AD) \/ Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":46203343634716,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTIUS2","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Constantius II (337 - 361 AD) \/ No display - just the coin certificate and info card","offer_id":46203343667484,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTIUS2-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Constantine II (337 - 340 AD) \/ Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":46203343700252,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTINE2","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Constantine II (337 - 340 AD) \/ No display - just the coin certificate and info card","offer_id":46203343733020,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTINE2-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Constantine I \"the Great\" (306 - 337 AD) \/ Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":46203343765788,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTINE1","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Constantine I \"the Great\" (306 - 337 AD) \/ No display - just the coin certificate and info card","offer_id":46203343798556,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTINE1-NO","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Constantineinbox.jpg?v=1743105076"},{"product_id":"constantine-and-his-sons-four-coin-collection-c-306-to-361-ce-roman-empire","title":"Constantine and His Sons, Four Coin Collection - c. 306 to 361 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eExperience the rich history of ancient Rome with our selection of authentic \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e~1,800 year old \u003c\/span\u003eRoman nummi. A portrait of your chosen emperor will be on the obverse side, while the reverse will show various gods, goddesses, and allegorical figures. Our coins were struck under the reign of \u003cstrong\u003eConstantine the Great (c. 272 to 337 CE)\u003c\/strong\u003e and his sons, \u003cstrong\u003eConstantine II\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eConstantius II\u003c\/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003eConstans\u003c\/strong\u003e, who inherited the throne after their father’s death. Each ruled over different portions of the empire.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThese coins were used for everyday transactions, like paying soldiers and taxes, and are a unique way to own a piece of ancient history. Each coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e and has been professionally cleaned and conserved.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eWhat is a \u003cem\u003enummus\u003c\/em\u003e?\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe Roman nummus was a small bronze coin that was widely used during the empire's later years. Introduced in the 4th century AD, it was made of a copper-based alloy and was created to address the shortage of gold and silver in the empire. The nummus became the most common coin used for everyday transactions and for paying soldiers and taxes. Despite their small denomination, the coins played a significant role in the empire's economy and they are considered valuable pieces of Roman numismatics.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eWho was Constantine the Great?\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eConstantine I (dubbed \"the Great\") was a Roman emperor who ruled from 306 CE to 337 CE. He is known for his major accomplishments such as the Edict of Milan, which granted religious tolerance to Christians, the Council of Nicaea, where he established a unified doctrine for Christianity, and the construction of monumental structures like the Hagia Sophia. He died in 337 AD and was succeeded by his three sons, Constantine II who ruled over the western Roman Empire, Constantius II who ruled over the East, and Constans who ruled over Italy and Africa.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":46204269199644,"sku":"COL-AC-ROM-B-CTINE","price":144.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553809105180,"sku":"COL-AC-ROM-B-CTINE-NO","price":124.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/ConstantineCollectioninboxbooks_4a019e95-1cb6-49a7-891c-512ca287ab40.jpg?v=1743105074"},{"product_id":"constantinopolis-coin-city-of-constantinople-c-330-to-348-ce-roman-empire","title":"Constantinopolis Coin, City of Constantinople - c. 330 to 348 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSee also: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.historyhoard.com\/products\/roman-capital-cities-collection-c-330-to-348-ce-roman-empire\"\u003eRoman Capital Cities Collection\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eThese Constantinopolis commemorative coins, released under Emperor Constantine the Great, were issued to mark the relocation of the Roman Empire's capital from Rome to Constantinople.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eIn 324 CE, after reuniting the two halves of the Roman Empire, Constantine declared the city of Byzantium to be its new capital, initially calling it \"Nova Roma\" after the original capital city. Though it was situated in modern day Turkey, far from the city of Rome, this new capital was strategically selected for its political and economic advantages.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eOn May 11th, 330 CE, the city was renamed \"Constantinople\" \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ein honor of the emperor. To commemorate this event, two distinct coin types were minted: one celebrating the new capital of Constantinople and the other celebrating old Rome.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe obverse of these coins features portraits of the personified versions of the cities, known as Constantinopolis and Roma. They were used to represent the strength and power of the cities themselves, much like how Lady Liberty or Uncle Sam are used to represent the United States\u003c\/span\u003e. The reverse side of the Urbs Roma depicted the legendary founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus, being nursed by a she-wolf, honoring the city's mythical origins. Conversely, the Constantinopolis coins showcased the goddess Victory, symbolizing a hopeful and triumphant future for the new capital.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eThis celebration of past and future was a powerful propaganda move, through which Constantine sought to emphasize the continuity of the Roman Empire and its rich cultural heritage, despite the shift in political power to a new capital.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":47270557352220,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CNPL","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553807204636,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CNPL-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Constantinopolis.png?v=1743105036"},{"product_id":"roman-capital-cities-collection-c-330-to-348-ce-roman-empire","title":"Roman Capital Cities Collection - c. 330 to 348 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eThese commemorative coins, released under Emperor Constantine the Great, were issued to mark the relocation of the Roman Empire's capital from Rome to Constantinople.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eIn 324 CE, after reuniting the two halves of the Roman Empire, Constantine declared the city of Byzantium to be its new capital, initially calling it \"Nova Roma\" after the original capital city. Though it was situated in modern day Turkey, far from the city of Rome, this new capital was strategically selected for its political and economic advantages.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eOn May 11th, 330 CE, the city was renamed \"Constantinople\" \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ein honor of the emperor. To commemorate this event, two distinct coin types were minted: one celebrating the new capital of Constantinople and the other celebrating old Rome.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe obverse of these coins features portraits of the personified versions of the cities, known as Constantinopolis and Roma. They were used to represent the strength and power of the cities themselves, much like how Lady Liberty or Uncle Sam are used to represent the United States\u003c\/span\u003e. The reverse side of the Urbs Roma depicted the legendary founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus, being nursed by a she-wolf, honoring the city's mythical origins. Conversely, the Constantinopolis coins showcased the goddess Victory, symbolizing a hopeful and triumphant future for the new capital.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eThis celebration of past and future was a powerful propaganda move, through which Constantine sought to emphasize the continuity of the Roman Empire and its rich cultural heritage, despite the shift in political power to a new capital.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":47275939365148,"sku":"COL-ROM-CAPITALS","price":79.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553807040796,"sku":"COL-ROM-CAPITALS-NO","price":64.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Romancapitalcollection.png?v=1743105033"},{"product_id":"late-roman-bronze-coin-portraits-18-x-24-inch-poster","title":"Late Roman Bronze Coin Portraits, 18 x 24 Inch Poster","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoster measures 18 inches tall and 24 inches wide (61 x 46 cm).\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is a poster version of our late Roman coin identification kit, which can be \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.historyhoard.com\/products\/identify-your-own-late-roma-bronze-coin-c-284-to-491-roman-empire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003efound here\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe chart covers the time period between the reign of Emperor Diocletian and the fall of the Western Roman Empire, approximately the 4th and 5th century CE. It includes the most common portrait of every person who appeared on bronze coins during this period, as well as the first year of their reigns and how their names would be spelled on coins.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese posters will be shipped rolled in a mailing tube, to reduce the shipping costs paid by our customers.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47301283184924,"sku":"POSTER-ROM-LATE-BR-18X24","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/RomanImperialBronzesThumbnail_1.png?v=1700695116"},{"product_id":"identify-your-own-late-roma-bronze-coin-c-284-to-491-roman-empire","title":"Identify Your Own Late Roman Bronze Coin - c. 284 to 491 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncludes: One late Roman bronze coin (c. 4th or 5th century CE), magnifying lens, blank attribution card, and coin identification guide with Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIdentify your own Roman coin with the help of this guide by History Hoard! It includes \u003cstrong\u003eone Roman bronze coin minted under a random ruler\u003c\/strong\u003e between the reign of Emperor Diocletian and the fall of the Western Roman Empire. \u003cspan class=\"OYPEnA text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis period marks the \"late\" phase of Roman bronzes, a stylistic shift initiated by Diocletian's monetary reforms.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"OYPEnA text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA quick disclaimer: identifying Roman coins can be challenging, and a short guide like this may not be enough to definitively attribute a coin to a certain emperor\u003c\/strong\u003e. However, we have also included a list of free online resources that professionals use to identify coins, which can be used for further research as needed.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe four page guide illustrates the most commonly seen portrait of each emperor, with examples of how their names would be spelled on their coins. A list of designs often seen on the reverse sides of bronze coins is also included.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe text on the coin (called the legend) can be difficult to read, and you can use the magnifier in this set to assist you. We've also divided our coins into three difficulty levels—\u003cstrong\u003eeasy\u003c\/strong\u003e, with about 75% of the legend visible, \u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eaverage\u003c\/strong\u003e, with about 50% of the legend visible, and \u003cstrong\u003ehard\u003c\/strong\u003e, with about 25% of the legend visible. The legend is the easiest way to identify a coin, as portraits can look very similar between emperors.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Average - about 50% of text visible ($24.99) \/ Yes - Include the guide booklet","offer_id":47301722374428,"sku":"COINID-ROM-B-AVG","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Average - about 50% of text visible ($24.99) \/ No - only include the coin ($10.00 off)","offer_id":48160373178652,"sku":"COINID-ROM-B-AVG-NO","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Easy - about 75% of text visible ($29.99) \/ Yes - Include the guide booklet","offer_id":47301722407196,"sku":"COINID-ROM-B-EASY","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Easy - about 75% of text visible ($29.99) \/ No - only include the coin ($10.00 off)","offer_id":48160373342492,"sku":"COINID-ROM-B-EASY-NO","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Hard - about 25% of text visible ($19.99) \/ Yes - Include the guide booklet","offer_id":47301722439964,"sku":"COINID-ROM-B-HARD","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Hard - about 25% of text visible ($19.99) \/ No - only include the coin ($10.00 off)","offer_id":48160373375260,"sku":"COINID-ROM-B-HARD-NO","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Three Coins - Easy Average \u0026 Hard ($39.99) \/ Yes - Include the guide booklet","offer_id":50299321286940,"sku":"COINID-ROM-B-ALLTHREE","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Three Coins - Easy Average \u0026 Hard ($39.99) \/ No - only include the coin ($10.00 off)","offer_id":50299321778460,"sku":"COINID-ROM-B-ALLTHREE-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/PhotoRoom-20231122-153127-01_2_c866c3dc-dd5e-442e-aec8-72de3a9ecb1d.jpg?v=1700756622"},{"product_id":"rome-sol-invictus-sun-god-coin-c-309-to-319-ce-roman-empire-1","title":"Rome, Sol Invictus (Sun God) Coin - c. 309 to 319 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese bronze coins feature Sol Invictus, an ancient Roman sun god with ties to the evolution of early Christianity. They were minted under Constantine the Great from 309 to 319 CE, though this design was used by both previous and future emperors.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe worship of Sol Invictus had a heavy influence on the celebration of Christmas. \u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe main festival dedicated to Sol Invictus was known as the \u003cem\u003e\u003ci lang=\"la\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDies Natalis Solis Invicti\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e, or \"birthday of the invincible sun,\" which was celebrated on the 25th of December. This date would later be later recognized as the birth of Jesus Christ in Christianity, to help make the empire's transition to Christianity easier. Early Christian practices and beliefs about the Nativity of Jesus intersected and diverged from pagan solar worship and festivals, eventually morphing into a holiday with traits from both religions.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSol Invictus, or \"the Unconquerable Sun,\" was a later iteration of an earlier sun god, Sol. His worship was revived by Emperor Aurelian in 274 AD, who made him the chief god of the empire. He is often depicted driving a chariot through the sky, and wearing a sun crown symbolizing rays of light—this would later become one of the inspirations behind halos in Christian art.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSol Invictus would remain prominent in Rome until the conversion of Constantine the Great to Christianity in 312 CE. However, coins bearing his name would continue to be minted for a few years after this, and worship of Sol Invictus continued until at least the fifth century.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach coin features a portrait of Constantine I on the obverse side, and Sol Invictus on the reverse. The image of Sol Invictus will be mostly clear and complete on every coin.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":47380691583260,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-SOL-INV","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553806713116,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-SOL-INV-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/SolInvictus.jpg?v=1743105027"},{"product_id":"the-division-of-rome-three-coin-collection-c-379-to-423-ce-eastern-western-rome","title":"The Division of Rome, Three Coin Collection - c. 379 to 423 CE - Eastern \u0026 Western Rome","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection includes three Roman bronze coins, known as maiorinas, and were minted under three emperors during the final division of the empire into Eastern and Western halves:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003eTheodosius I (the Great):\u003c\/span\u003e The last emperor to rule over the entire empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003eHonorius:\u003c\/span\u003e Son of Theodosius I, and the first emperor of the Western Roman Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003eArcadius:\u003c\/span\u003e Son of Theodosius I, and the first emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThough the Roman Empire had already been split and reunited many times before, Theodosius I was the last emperor to rule it in its entirety. In 395 CE, following Theodosius' death, Rome once again separated into two distinct entities: the Western Roman Empire, governed from the city of Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire, with Constantinople as its capital. The sprawling empire had become hard to defend and govern from any one city, as it stretched from the British Isles to the Middle East.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTheodosius' sons, Honorius and Arcadius, would inherit these separate territories. Honorius, ruling the Western Empire, faced relentless invasions by Germanic tribes. This would lead to the sacking of Rome in 410 CE, a shocking event symbolizing the Western Empire's vulnerability. In contrast, Arcadius' Eastern Roman Empire, the precursor to the Byzantine Empire, maintained relative stability and continuity, preserving much of Roman and Hellenistic traditions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnder Honorius, the Western Roman Empire experienced a steady decline, marked by internal strife and external pressures, culminating in its eventual fall in the late 5th century. Arcadius' reign in the East, while more stable, was characterized by political intrigue and the increasing influence of powerful court officials and the military.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe coins in this collection come from both sides of this transitionary period of Roman history. Though larger bronze coins from this era are often called maiorinas in modern times, it's not known what the original ancient Roman name for these coins would have been. Each coin is about 20mm in diameter and features the portrait of the emperor on the obverse.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":47542698377500,"sku":"COL-ROM-DIVISION","price":84.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553806516508,"sku":"COL-ROM-DIVISION-NO","price":64.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Divisionofromebookshelfsquare2.png?v=1743105023"},{"product_id":"theodosius-i-last-ruler-of-a-united-rome-c-215-to-300-ce-roman-empire","title":"Theodosius I, Last Ruler of a United Rome - c. 379 to 395 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese Roman bronze coins, called maiorinas by modern numismatists, were minted under Theodosius I, also known as \u003cstrong\u003eTheodosius the Great\u003c\/strong\u003e. He was the last emperor to rule over a united Roman Empire before its final division into East and West.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003eThough Theodosius I was the last to rule Rome in its entirety, it had already been split and reunited multiple times in the past. The sprawling empire had become hard to defend and govern from any one city, as it stretched from the British Isles to the Middle East.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 395 CE, following Theodosius' death, Rome once again separated into two distinct entities: the Western Roman Empire, governed from the city of Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire, with Constantinople as its capital. His sons Honorius and Arcadius would inherit the Western and Eastern Roman Empires, respectively.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDespite the empire fracturing after his rule, Theodosius still earned the epithet \"the Great.\" This was due to his his significant impact on Rome's religious landscape, as a staunch supporter of Nicene Christianity. He made it the state religion, while suppressing pagan and other Christian practices, and shaped the religious identity of Europe for centuries.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThough larger bronze coins from this era are often called maiorinas in modern times, it's not known what the original ancient Roman name for these coins would have been. Each coin is about 20mm in diameter and features the portrait of the emperor on the obverse.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":47542888825116,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-THEO1","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553806254364,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-THEO1-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/TheodosiusIinboxblackbg.png?v=1743105021"},{"product_id":"rome-barbarous-vs-official-coinage-collection-c-368-to-300-ce-roman-empire","title":"Barbarous vs. Official Roman Coinage Collection - c. 268 to 300 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection includes two versions of a Roman antoninianus—one that was officially minted, and one so called \"barbarous\" issue.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile most unofficially struck Roman coins with design flaws are commonly called \u003cstrong\u003ebarbarous issues\u003c\/strong\u003e, this doesn’t necessarily mean that they were all created by “babarians”—a term that referred to the Germanic tribes living on the periphery of the Roman Empire. Many of them were produced within the empire as well, especially in regions affected by coin shortages.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: start;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: start;\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"Official and barbarous antoninianus of Tetricus I\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/20240118162525_IMG_8029_2-01-PhotoRoom_2_2048x2048.png?v=1705698632\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eOfficial (left) and \"barbarous\" (right) antoniniani of Tetricus I. Note that the barbarous issue reads \"TETCVS\" instead of \"TETRICVS\"\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese specific type of barbarous coins are called \u003cstrong\u003ebarbarous radiates\u003c\/strong\u003e, a name that comes from the radiate crown included in their portraits. They were primarily struck within the western provinces of the Roman Empire during the Crisis of the Third Century, a period of economic and political turmoil that nearly saw Rome's collapse.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese coins were usually much smaller than official antoniniani, and the designs are abstract and poorly executed. The lettering is often very crudely carved as well, with mistakes being very common.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBarbarous radiates are not considered to be true forgeries, as they often copied the original coins so poorly that they would not have been able to be passed off as official money. Instead, historians theorize that they were meant to be used alongside official coinage, potentially serving as small change.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":47621068947740,"sku":"COL-ROM-BARB","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553805762844,"sku":"COL-ROM-BARB-NO","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Barbarouscollectionbookcasebg.png?v=1743105017"},{"product_id":"ancient-scale-weight-romano-byzantine-or-islamic-c-200-to-1000-ce-ancient-middle-east","title":"Ancient Scale Weight – Roman, Byzantine, or Islamic - c. 200 to 1000 CE - Ancient Middle East","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNote: Some of these weights contain lead, which was a common additive during ancient and medieval times.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese copper, brass, and leaded-copper scale weights date back to the 3rd to 10th century, and originate from the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWeights like these played a crucial role in ancient commerce, allowing people to measure out precise quantities of goods. They also played an administrative role in tax collection and the creation of currency, as coins needed to be struck with a consistent weight. Scale weights were sometimes decorated with lettering, geometric patterns, and religious imagery, though only faint etchings remain on the weights in this group.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe modern day pound in the Imperial system actually descends from the Roman pound (or \u003cem\u003elitra\u003c\/em\u003e), though the vast size of the empire meant that the measurement system of the Romans was not quite as precise as modern day systems. A Roman pound was split into twelve ounces or 72 solidi, the standard weight of a gold coin. The later Byzantine Empire would continue the use of this system into medieval times.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs this collection was likely amassed from multiple sources and dates back to a wide time span, the cultural origin of these weights may be \u003cstrong\u003eRoman\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eByzantine\u003c\/strong\u003e, or \u003cstrong\u003eearly Islamic\u003c\/strong\u003e. The group originates from the collection of Joel Malter (1931-2006), a prominent numismatist and dealer of antiquities. It was then acquired by a private collector in Charlottesville, North Carolina around 2004, and later purchased by History Hoard at auction.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"_04xlpA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in this photo, along with a glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Small (2 to 7 grams)","offer_id":47818575642908,"sku":"AC-SCALE-WT-SM","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Medium (8 to 15 grams)","offer_id":47818950082844,"sku":"AC-SCALE-WT-MD","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Large (16 to 30 grams)","offer_id":47818950115612,"sku":"AC-SCALE-WT-LG","price":54.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Small (2 to 7 grams)","offer_id":51553802780956,"sku":"AC-SCALE-WT-SM-NO","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Medium (8 to 15 grams)","offer_id":51553802813724,"sku":"AC-SCALE-WT-MD-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Large (16 to 30 grams)","offer_id":51553802879260,"sku":"AC-SCALE-WT-LG-NO","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Ancientscaleweightblackbg.png?v=1743105002"},{"product_id":"celt-iberian-bronze-coin-punic-wars-to-roman-era-c-2nd-to-1st-century-bc-ancient-spain","title":"Celtiberian Bronze Coin, Punic Wars to Roman Era - c. 2nd to 1st century BCE - Ancient Spain","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThese bronze coins were produced by the \u003cstrong\u003eCeltiberian\u003c\/strong\u003e tribes of ancient pre-Roman Spain. Though precise dating is difficult with Celtiberian currency, the coins would have been struck during the 2nd to 1st centuries BCE—around the time of the Punic Wars, and ending after the Roman Empire annexed the region.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eA variety of different symbols and designs adorn these coins, with common elements being bulls, fish, ears of grain, sphinxes, and an unknown person on horseback known as the \"Iberian rider.\" Though Celt-Iberian coins are almost always found in a worn state, enough details are usually present to identify the design.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWho were the Celtiberians?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThere is much dispute as to which tribes made up the Celtiberians, a term that refers to multiple cultures, indigenous Iberian tribes, and Celtic migrants. These groups had no central government, but shared a unified Celtiberian language with a range of dialects and the use of the Iberian Alphabet. By the 5th century BCE, the Celtiberians had established their own distinctive culture from the Celts of Central Europe, developing their own art and pottery.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Punic Wars: Rome Versus Carthage\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe Punic Wars (264 - 146 BCE) was a 43 year period of active conflict between Rome and Carthage, as both powers sought to expand their territory and influence. Many of its battles were fought on the Iberian peninsula, which forced its inhabitants to take a side.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eA large number of Celtiberians served as mercenaries during the Punic Wars, at first for the Carthaginians and later for the Romans. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eRome would defeat Carthage during the third Punic War, with the Iberians providing critical reinforcement during the conflict. Ultimately, the end of the Punic wars saw the destruction of Carthage and the rise of Rome as the dominant power in the region, and the Celtiberian cultures were eventually absorbed by the Roman Empire.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\" data-mce-style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eEach includes a \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\" data-mce-style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\" data-mce-style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Medium (0.5 to 0.8 inches)","offer_id":48170082009372,"sku":"AC-CELT-IBR-MD","price":27.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Large (0.9 to 1.2 inches)","offer_id":48181681783068,"sku":"AC-CELT-IBR-LG","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Medium (0.5 to 0.8 inches)","offer_id":51553799667996,"sku":"AC-CELT-IBR-MD-NO","price":12.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Large (0.9 to 1.2 inches)","offer_id":51553799700764,"sku":"AC-CELT-IBR-LG-NO","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/celt-iberianinbox.png?v=1743104988"},{"product_id":"aes-rude-first-roman-currency-c-600-to-400-bce-ancient-italy","title":"Aes Rude, First Roman Currency - c. 600 to 400 BCE - Ancient Italy","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAes rude (Latin for “rough bronze”) were bronze nuggets used as a proto-currency in ancient Italy. The earliest known pieces of aes rude date back to 8th century BCE, and continued to be used into the late 4th century BCE. Our group of aes rude fragments were found in Central Italy and date back to around the 5th to 4th centuries BCE, approximately the time of the early Roman Republic.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOriginally, sheep and cattle were generally traded as the main assets of value. However, metal pieces carried significant advantages: they were much smaller, easier to transport, and didn’t spoil. There was no standardization of size and weight for these lumpy bronze units, and pieces needed to be weighed for each transaction. Early Roman laws, such as the lex Aternia Tarpeia, were among the first to allow bronze as payment for fines that were originally to be paid in oxen and sheep.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eGradually, aes rude evolved into more sophisticated forms of currency. The aes signatum was introduced in the 5th century BCE, which were cast bronze ingots with standardized weights and a government seal. The first Roman coin, known as the aes grave, appeared in 269 BCE.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\" data-mce-style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eEach includes a \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\" data-mce-style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\" data-mce-style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Medium (9 to 20 grams)","offer_id":48367597682972,"sku":"AC-ROM-AES-RUDE-M","price":64.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Large (over 25 grams)","offer_id":48367597715740,"sku":"AC-ROM-AES-RUDE-L","price":84.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Medium (9 to 20 grams)","offer_id":51553798390044,"sku":"AC-ROM-AES-RUDE-M-NO","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Large (over 25 grams)","offer_id":51553798422812,"sku":"AC-ROM-AES-RUDE-L-NO","price":69.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Aesrudeinbox.png?v=1743104983"},{"product_id":"rome-empress-salonina-antoninianus-c-253-to-268-ce-roman-empire","title":"Rome, Emperor Gallienus \u0026 Empress Salonina, Antoniniani - c. 253 to 268 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eThese two coins were struck under Gallienus and Salonina, who were emperor and empress of the Roman Empire during the third century. The denomination of the coins is known as an antoninianus, which was a type of low grade, debased silver introduced earlier in the century.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRelatively little is known about Salonina, the wife of Emperor Gallienus. Gallienus began his rule jointly with his father Valerian. Valerian realized the empire had become too large to rule by himself, and decided to split the empire with Gallienus ruling the west and Valerian remaining in control of the eastern half. Gallienus’ reign initially found much success in fending off invading forces of German forces as well as Gaul, and his military accomplishments included expanding the role of the cavalry.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIn 260, Valerian was defeated by the Sasanian Empire, leaving control of the entire Roman Empire to Gallienus. Without Valerian, the empire plunged into civil war, plagued with revolts, rebellion, and usurpers, notably, Postumus, who declared his own rule over what is now known as the Gallic Empire. Internal chaos was exacerbated by natural disasters that ran rampant through the Third Century, including plague and volatile weather that led to drought and famine. Despite his tumultuous and contentious reign, Gallienus managed 15 years in office, the longest of any emperor in half a century. While her fate is unclear, many historians believe Salonina was murdered alongside her husband in 268 during the Aureolus revolt.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":48762270187804,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-GAL-SAL","price":64.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553795965212,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-GAL-SAL-NO","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Saloninagallienus.png?v=1743104967"},{"product_id":"roman-empire-syria-provincial-tetradrachm-with-eagle-reverse-c-193-to-235-ce-roman-provinces","title":"Roman Syria, Provincial Tetradrachm with Eagle - c. 193 to 235 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese tetradrachms are all issues from Roman Syria, struck from a debased silver alloy known as billon. Each features a facing eagle on the reverse and the portrait of a Severan dynasty emperor on the obverse, described as the seven emperors who ruled between the reigns of Septimius Severus and Severus Alexander.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Roman Empire was a blend of multicultural identities that were united under common rule, with many groups of people living in far flung areas of the empire. To help control its vast territory beyond Italy, Rome divided the empire into provinces with a governor appointed to each. Provincial governors oversaw law enforcement, tax collection and infrastructure within these jurisdictions, which allowed for the maintenance of Roman power and cultural dominance as the empire expanded into other cultural domains.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoman provincial coinage was minted by local civic entities rather than imperial mints, although some coins may have been struck in Rome and sent to the corresponding province. Notably, most provincial coins feature legends written in Greek instead of Latin, reflective of the dominant language of the circulating regions. Among the most important mints for provincial issues was the city of \u003cstrong\u003eAntioch on the Orontes\u003c\/strong\u003e in \u003cstrong\u003eSyria\u003c\/strong\u003e. This mint struck a variety of coin denominations in both silver and bronze, which circulated within the province.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvincial varieties and local coinage served multiple purposes, including upholding local pride, exercising self-administration and identity, and finally, to bolster profit in the local economy. However, provincial issues commonly lacked “ethnics”—iconography specific to the region—and their designs were likely under imperial control. Roman emperors on provincial coins showcase the position of these cities within the broader context of Roman rule.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":49327569699100,"sku":"AC-ROM-SYR-TET","price":134.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553793868060,"sku":"AC-ROM-SYR-TET-NO","price":119.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Syria_tetradrachm_in_box.png?v=1743104950"},{"product_id":"roman-bronze-cross-reverse-division-of-the-empire-c-404-to-406-ce-roman-empire","title":"Roman Bronze, Cross Reverse, Division of the Empire - c. 404 to 406 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003eIn 380 CE, Christianity was declared the official state religion of the Roman Empire. However, by that time, Christianity had already been established in Rome for centuries, and some of its symbols had even been included on the empire's coinage. Notably, the Christogram (⳩)—formed from the first two letters of \"Christ\" in the Greek alphabet—first appeared on coins issued by Constantine the Great in the early 4th century, often seen side-by-side with traditional Roman deities.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the cross had gained popularity as a religious symbol by the early 5th century, and it saw increased use compared to the Christogram. The small bronze coins issued under Arcadius, Honorius, and Theodosius II reflect this change in sentiment, featuring a lone cross within lettering or a wreath on the reverse.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese coins were also produced at a time of great change for the Roman Empire. In 395 CE, Rome split into two distinct states: the \u003cspan\u003eWestern Roman Empire, governed from the city of Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire, with Constantinople as its capital. Though the empire had already been split and reunited many times before, the division would prove to be permanent this time. Rome's sprawling territories\u003c\/span\u003e had become hard to defend and govern from any one city, as it stretched from the British Isles to the Middle East.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThough the Western Roman Empire later fell in 476 CE, the Eastern Roman Empire prevailed, evolving into what we now know as the Byzantine Empire.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":50932594540828,"sku":"AC-ROM-CROSS","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553787248924,"sku":"AC-ROM-CROSS-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Roman_cross_coin_in_box.jpg?v=1743104893"},{"product_id":"byzantine-empire-justin-ii-sophia-bronze-follis-565-to-578-ce-byzantine-empire-1","title":"Byzantine Empire, Justin II \u0026 Sophia, Bronze Follis - 565 to 578 CE - Eastern Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThese large bronze coins of the early Byzantine Empire (also known as the Eastern Roman Empire) depict Emperor Justin II and Empress Sophia, seated side by side on a throne. The value is shown on the reverse, with a large letter \"M\" representing 40 nummi (a follis) or a letter \"K\" representing 20 nummi (a half follis).\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eJustin II became Byzantine emperor in 565 CE after the death of his uncle, Justinian I. He ruled alongside his wife, Sophia, who played a key role in shaping economic and financial policies. Her influence was so significant that she became the first empress consort depicted on Byzantine coinage as an equal to her husband—an achievement reflected in the coins shown here.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBy 573 CE, however, Justin’s mental health began to decline, leading to episodes of “insanity.” Reports describe him as behaving like a wild animal, being wheeled around on a mobile throne, and requiring organ music to be played constantly. In 574, on Sophia’s advice, Justin adopted General Tiberius as his heir and retired, underscoring her influence at the time.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter Justin’s death in 578 CE, Sophia tried to retain power but ultimately failed. Though she lost her official role, she remained involved in politics, especially economic matters. Her time as empress and efforts to maintain authority challenged traditional views of women in governance, leaving a lasting legacy in Byzantine history.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Follis - Larger coin with \"M\" reverse","offer_id":50983049756956,"sku":"AC-BYZ-JTSH-FOL","price":54.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Half follis - Smaller coin with \"K\" reverse","offer_id":50988807291164,"sku":"AC-BYZ-JTSH-HALF","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Follis - Larger coin with \"M\" reverse","offer_id":51553786659100,"sku":"AC-BYZ-JTSH-FOL-NO","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Half follis - Smaller coin with \"K\" reverse","offer_id":51553786691868,"sku":"AC-BYZ-JTSH-HALF-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Byzantine_justin_sophia_in_box.jpg?v=1743104888"},{"product_id":"rome-constantinian-dynasty-family-tree-collection-9-coins-305-to-363-ce-roman-empire","title":"Rome, Constantine Family Tree Collection (9 Coins) - 305 to 363 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection includes nine coins from the generations surrounding Constantine the Great, mounted in a \"family tree\" display case that shows their relation to one another. All coins included will be bronze issues, made between 305 and 363 CE. The collection also includes an informational card that gives the background of each emperor.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eThe Constantinian dynasty ruled the Roman Empire from 306 to 363 CE. It began with Constantius Chlorus, but its most famous member was his son, Constantine I, who became the sole ruler of the empire in 324 CE after defeating his rivals. Constantine I was known for implementing significant reforms, including establishing a new capital at Constantinople (modern day Istanbul) Introducing a stable gold coin that became standard currency, restructuring the government to separate civil and military authority, and promoting Christianity and ending the persecution of Christian people.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach set of coins comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":51266571075868,"sku":"COL-CONST-FAMILY","price":299.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_6411_front-Photoroom.jpg?v=1743104881"},{"product_id":"late-roman-bronze-nummus-3rd-to-4th-century-c-300-to-500-ce-roman-empire","title":"Late Roman Bronze Nummus, 4th to 5th Century - c. 300 to 500 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese are now the most budget friendly Roman coins that we offer, and are an easy way to start or build an ancient coin collection!\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Roman nummus was a small bronze coin that was widely used during the empire's later years. Introduced in the 4th century CE, it was made of a copper-based alloy and was created to address the shortage of gold and silver in the empire. The nummus became the most common coin used for everyday transactions and for paying soldiers and taxes. Despite their small denomination, the coins played a significant role in the empire's economy and they are considered valuable pieces of Roman numismatics.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese coins were used for everyday transactions, like paying soldiers and taxes, and are a unique way to own a piece of ancient history. Each features an emperor's portrait on the obverse side, while the reverse can show various gods, goddesses, allegorical figures, and other fixtures of Roman society. Most coins in this group were struck under the emperors Theodosius I, Arcadius, and Honorius, who ruled around the start of the 5th century CE.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e and has been professionally cleaned and conserved.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":51516081733916,"sku":"AC-ROM-BUDGET","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553730789660,"sku":"AC-ROM-BUDGET-NO","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Budget_Roman_in_box.jpg?v=1743104867"},{"product_id":"rome-septimius-severus-large-ae-sestertius-two-captives-reverse-195-ce-roman-empire-lu33ag","title":"Rome, Septimius Severus, Large AE Sestertius, Two Captives Reverse - 195 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Roman Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Emperor Septimius Severus\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 195 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e AE (large bronze) sestertius\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e City of Rome\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 28mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eType Number:\u003c\/b\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.4.ss.690A\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.4.ss.690A\"\u003eRIC IV Septimius Severus 690A\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e L SEPT SEV PERT AVG IMP V - Head of Septimius Severus, laureate, right\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e PART ARAB PART ADIAB COS II P P S C - Two captives, bound, seated back to back, left and right of central trophy\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":51925698248988,"sku":"CNMT-AUCT-MAY-TWYEGT-25-LU-33-AG","price":99.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_9680-Photoroom.jpg?v=1748410050"},{"product_id":"rome-emperor-septimius-severus-ar-denarius-crossed-cornucopiae-194-to-195-ce-roman-empire-kv7g","title":"Rome, Emperor Septimius Severus, AR Denarius, Crossed Cornucopiae - 194 to 195 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Roman Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Emperor Septimius Severus\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 194 - 195 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e AR (silver) denarius\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e Emisa (Syria)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eType Number:\u003c\/b\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.4.ss.373\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.4.ss.373\"\u003eRIC IV Septimius Severus 373\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e IMP CAE L SEP SEV PERT AVG COS II - Head of Septimius Severus, laureate, right\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e FELICIT TEMPOR - Corn-ears between two cornucopiae\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52098175598876,"sku":"AUCT-JUN-EIGTN-25-KV-7-G","price":99.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_9787-Photoroom.jpg?v=1750374477"},{"product_id":"rome-emperor-hadrian-silver-denarius-117-to-138-ce-roman-empire","title":"Rome, Emperor Hadrian, Silver Denarius - 117 to 138 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003eHadrian was a Roman emperor best known for consolidating and strengthening the empire rather than expanding it. He traveled extensively across Roman territories, sometimes with elephants in his entourage for ceremonies and to display imperial power, while inspecting cities and fortifications. He is most famous for building Hadrian’s Wall in Britain, to mark the empire’s northern boundary, as well as for rebuilding parts of Rome, leaving a legacy of stability and architectural splendor during his reign.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe type of coin featured here is a denarius, a small silver coin that was central to the Roman economy for about 450 years. On its obverse side, a denarius typically displayed the image of the reigning emperor, while coins featuring the likeness of empresses were also issued due to their royal status. The reverse sides of denarii exhibited a variety of designs, including gods and goddesses, mythical creatures, military imagery, and architectural symbols.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe question of what a denarius would be worth today is a hotly debated topic. Accurately converting the value of a denarius into modern dollars is impossible, as the economy and standard of living in ancient Rome greatly differed from our contemporary world. Nonetheless, one can estimate the approximate \"value\" of a denarius by considering its purchasing power when acquiring essential goods. Historians have calculated that a typical Roman peasant family of four required around 1,762 pounds of wheat, 17 gallons of oil, and 106 gallons of wine annually. To secure these staple items during the period of approximately 75 to 125 CE, it cost roughly 200 denarii in the city of Rome, making that the minimum yearly income for a Roman household.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":52412326347036,"sku":"AC-ROM-D-HADR-HG","price":149.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":52412326379804,"sku":"AC-ROM-D-HADR-HG-NO","price":134.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/hadrian_in_box.jpg?v=1752271452"},{"product_id":"rome-julia-mamaea-ar-denarius-pudicitia-goddess-of-chastity-225-to-235-ce-roman-empire-gz7g","title":"Rome, Julia Mamaea, AR Denarius, Pudicitia (Goddess of Chastity) - 225 to 235 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Roman Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Julia Mamaea, mother of Emperor Severus Alexander\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 225 - 235 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e AR (silver) denarius\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e Rome\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 20mm, 2.9g\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eType Number:\u003c\/b\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.4.sa.347\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.4.sa.347\"\u003eRIC IV Severus Alexander 347\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e IVLIA MAMAEA AVG - Bust of Julia Mamaea, diademed, draped, right\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e PVDICITIA - Pudicitia, veiled, draped, seated left, right hand placed on lips, and holding sceptre in left hand\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eNotes:\u003c\/b\u003e Pudicitia was a goddess and a virtue associated with chastity, self-control, and proper social behavior, particularly for women.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52562752831772,"sku":"AUCT-JUL-SIXTN-25-GZ-7-G","price":149.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_1399-Photoroom_9a030b3c-260d-4f53-a973-a85520c2fb74.jpg?v=1752702724"},{"product_id":"rome-antoninus-pius-large-ae-sestertius-victory-reverse-143-to-144-ce-roman-empire-bf6f","title":"Rome, Antoninus Pius, Large AE Sestertius, Victory Reverse - 143 to 144 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Roman Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Emperor Antoninus Pius\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 143 - 144 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e AE (bronze) sestertius\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e City of Rome\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 31mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eType Number:\u003c\/b\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.3.ant.717A\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.3.ant.717A\"\u003eRIC III Antoninus Pius 717A\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e ANTONINVS AVG PIVS P P TR P COS III - Head of Antoninus Pius, laureate, right\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e IMPERATOR II S C - Victory, winged, draped, flying right, holding trophy, pointing upwards to right, in both hands\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52894507958556,"sku":"S-CNMT-AUCT-SEP-THIRD-BF-6-F","price":449.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_8196-Photoroom.jpg?v=1756949955"},{"product_id":"byzantine-empire-emperor-justin-ii-with-sophia-ae-follis-573-to-574-ce-byzantine-empire-ag2b","title":"Byzantine Empire, Emperor Justin II (with Sophia), AE Follis - 573 to 574 CE - Byzantine Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Byzantine Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Emperor Justin II\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 573 - 574 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e AE (bronze) follis\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e Cyzicus\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 30mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eType Number:\u003c\/b\u003e Sear 372\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e DN IVSTI-NVS PP A - Justin and queen Sophia seated facing on double throne\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e M, A\/N\/N\/O - Cross above, date (ςIII, year 9) to right, officina (B) below, mintmark (KYZ) in exergue\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52942063141148,"sku":"AUCT-SEP-TENTH-AG-2-B","price":79.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_8263-Photoroom.jpg?v=1757543387"},{"product_id":"byzantine-empire-emperor-justin-ii-with-sophia-ae-follis-570-to-571-ce-byzantine-empire-ag8h","title":"Byzantine Empire, Emperor Justin II (with Sophia), AE Follis - 570 to 571 CE - Byzantine Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Byzantine Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Emperor Justin II\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 570 - 571 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e AE (bronze) follis\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e Constantinople\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 33mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eType Number:\u003c\/b\u003e Sear 360\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e D N IVSTINVS P P AVG - Justin and Sophia, nimbate and seated facing on double throne\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e M, A\/N\/N\/O - Cross above, date (ς, year 6) to right, officina (B) below, mintmark (CON) in exergue\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52942067040540,"sku":"AUCT-SEP-TENTH-AG-8-H","price":69.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_8275-Photoroom.jpg?v=1757543395"},{"product_id":"byzantine-empire-emperor-justin-ii-with-sophia-ae-pentanummium-565-to-578-ce-byzantine-empire-ag11k","title":"Byzantine Empire, Emperor Justin II (with Sophia), AE Pentanummium - 565 to 578 CE - Byzantine Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Byzantine Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Emperor Justin II\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 565 - 578 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e AE (bronze) pentanummium\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e Cyzicus\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 13mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eType Number:\u003c\/b\u003e Sear 375\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e Sear monogram 8\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e Large Є, K (officina) in right field\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52942067630364,"sku":"AUCT-SEP-TENTH-AG-11-K","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_8282-Photoroom.jpg?v=1757543547"},{"product_id":"byzantine-empire-emperor-justin-ii-with-sophia-ae-pentanummium-565-to-578-ce-byzantine-empire-ag13m","title":"Byzantine Empire, Emperor Justin II (with Sophia), AE Pentanummium - 565 to 578 CE - Byzantine Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Byzantine Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Emperor Justin II\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 565 - 578 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e AE (bronze) pentanummium\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e Nicomedia\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 13.5mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eType Number:\u003c\/b\u003e Sear 371\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e Sear monogram 8\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e Large Є, N (officina) in right field\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52942067892508,"sku":"AUCT-SEP-TENTH-AG-13-M","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_8286-Photoroom.jpg?v=1757543549"},{"product_id":"byzantine-empire-emperor-justin-ii-with-sophia-ae-pentanummium-565-to-578-ce-byzantine-empire-ag14n","title":"Byzantine Empire, Emperor Justin II (with Sophia), AE Pentanummium - 565 to 578 CE - Byzantine Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Byzantine Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Emperor Justin II\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 565 - 578 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e AE (bronze) pentanummium\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e Nicomedia\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 13.5mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eType Number:\u003c\/b\u003e Sear 371\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e Sear monogram 8\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e Large Є, A (officina) in right field\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52942068056348,"sku":"AUCT-SEP-TENTH-AG-14-N","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_8288-Photoroom.jpg?v=1757543550"},{"product_id":"rome-emperor-severus-alexander-ar-denarius-virtus-deity-of-bravery-228-to-231-ce-roman-empire-xj3c","title":"Rome, Emperor Severus Alexander, AR Denarius, Virtus (Deity of Bravery) - 228 to 231 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Roman Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Emperor Severus Alexander\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 228 - 231 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e AR (silver) denarius\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e City of Rome\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 20mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eType Number:\u003c\/b\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.4.sa.221a\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.4.sa.221a\"\u003eRIC IV Severus Alexander 221a\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e IMP SEV ALEXAND AVG - Head of Severus Alexander, laureate, right\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e VIRTVS AVG - Virtus (or Roma), seated left, on cuirass holding branch in right hand and sceptre (or spear) in left hand; behind, shield\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eNotes:\u003c\/b\u003e Virtus was the Roman deity of military strength and bravery. Roma was a female deity who personified the city of Rome and, more broadly, the Roman state.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53079802609948,"sku":"AUCT-OCT-FIRST-XJ-3-C","price":149.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_8660.jpg?v=1759268200"},{"product_id":"rome-emperor-severus-alexander-ar-denarius-emperor-sacrificing-with-patera-226-ce-roman-empire-xj5e","title":"Rome, Emperor Severus Alexander, AR Denarius, Emperor Sacrificing With Patera - 226 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Roman Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Emperor Severus Alexander\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 226 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e AR (silver) denarius\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e City of Rome\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 21mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eType Number:\u003c\/b\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.4.sa.55\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.4.sa.55\"\u003eRIC IV Severus Alexander 55\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAND AVG - Bust of Severus Alexander, laureate, draped, right\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e P M TR P V COS II P P - Severus Alexander, laureate, togate, standing left, sacrificing out of patera in right hand over a lighted tripod and holding a scroll in left hand\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53079802937628,"sku":"AUCT-OCT-FIRST-XJ-5-E","price":139.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_8665.jpg?v=1759268202"},{"product_id":"rome-emperor-severus-alexander-ar-denarius-emperor-in-military-attire-reverse-228-to-231-ce-roman-empire-tn7g","title":"Rome, Emperor Severus Alexander, AR Denarius, Emperor In Military Attire Reverse - 228 to 231 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Roman Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Emperor Severus Alexander\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 228 - 231 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e AR (silver) denarius\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e City of Rome\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 19mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eType Number:\u003c\/b\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.4.sa.226a\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.4.sa.226a\"\u003eRIC IV Severus Alexander 226a\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e IMP SEV ALEXAND AVG - Head of Severus Alexander, laureate, right\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e VIRTVS AVG - Severus Alexander, in military dress, standing left, foot on helmet, holding globe in right hand and spear reversed in left hand\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53218869149980,"sku":"AUCT-OCT-TWYNINE-TN-7-G","price":159.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_9519-Photoroom.jpg?v=1761256291"},{"product_id":"rome-emperor-severus-alexander-ar-denarius-annona-deity-of-grain-222-to-228-ce-roman-empire-tn8h","title":"Rome, Emperor Severus Alexander, AR Denarius, Annona (Deity of Grain) - 222 to 228 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Roman Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Emperor Severus Alexander\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 222 - 228 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e AR (silver) denarius\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e City of Rome\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 19.5mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eType Number:\u003c\/b\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.4.sa.133\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.4.sa.133\"\u003eRIC IV Severus Alexander 133\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e IMP C M AVR SEV ALEXAND AVG - Bust of Severus Alexander, laureate, draped, right\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e ANNONA AVG - Annona, draped, standing left, holding corn-ears in right hand and cornucopiae in left hand; at feet, modius\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eNotes:\u003c\/b\u003e Annona was the divine personification of the grain supply to the city of Rome.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53218869313820,"sku":"AUCT-OCT-TWYNINE-TN-8-H","price":159.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_9522-Photoroom.jpg?v=1761256293"},{"product_id":"roman-silver-denarius-you-choose-emperor-c-98-to-192-ce-roman-empire","title":"Roman Silver Denarius (You Choose the Emperor) - c. 98 to 192 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e A denarius, or denarii in its plural form, was a small silver coin that was central to the Roman economy for about 450 years. On its obverse side, a denarius typically displayed the image of the reigning emperor, while coins featuring the likeness of empresses were also issued due to their royal status. The reverse sides of denarii exhibited a variety of designs, including gods and goddesses, mythical creatures, military imagery, and architectural symbols.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe question of what a denarius would be worth today is a hotly debated topic. Accurately converting the value of a denarius into modern dollars is impossible, as the economy and standard of living in ancient Rome greatly differed from our contemporary world. Just like today, prices and wages throughout the expansive Roman Empire varied significantly from urban centers to rural communities.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNonetheless, one can estimate the approximate \"value\" of a denarius by considering its purchasing power when acquiring essential goods. Historians have calculated that a typical Roman peasant family of four required around 1,762 pounds of wheat, 17 gallons of oil, and 106 gallons of wine annually. To secure these staple items during the period of approximately 75 to 125 CE, it cost roughly 200 denarii in the city of Rome,\u003cspan data-slate-fragment=\"JTVCJTdCJTIydHlwZSUyMiUzQSUyMnAlMjIlMkMlMjJjaGlsZHJlbiUyMiUzQSU1QiU3QiUyMnRleHQlMjIlM0ElMjIlMkMlMjBtYWtpbmclMjB0aGF0JTIwdGhlJTIwbWluaW11bSUyMHllYXJseSUyMGluY29tZSUyMGZvciUyMGElMjBSb21hbiUyMGhvdXNlaG9sZC4lMjIlN0QlNUQlN0QlNUQ=\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e making that the minimum yearly income for a Roman household.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe denarius' time as Rome's dominant currency would come to an end in the 3rd century, when it was replaced by the less pure silver antoninianus. This did not go over well with the Roman people, and resulted in high inflation that plunged the Roman economy into chaos.\u003cb\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Antoninus Pius (138 - 161 CE)","offer_id":53264756343068,"sku":"AC-ROM-D-ANTPIUS","price":89.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Marcus Aurelius (161 - 180 CE)","offer_id":53264756474140,"sku":"AC-ROM-D-MARUREL","price":129.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Faustina the Elder (138 - 140 CE)","offer_id":53264756441372,"sku":"AC-ROM-D-FSTELDER","price":89.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Commodus (177 - 192 CE)","offer_id":53264756539676,"sku":"AC-ROM-D-COMMOD","price":99.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Hadrian (117 - 138 CE)","offer_id":53264756408604,"sku":"AC-ROM-D-HADRIAN","price":119.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Trajan (98 - 117 CE)","offer_id":53264756375836,"sku":"AC-ROM-D-TRAJAN","price":119.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Antoninus Pius (138 - 161 CE)","offer_id":53264756572444,"sku":"AC-ROM-D-ANTPIUS-NO","price":74.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Marcus Aurelius (161 - 180 CE)","offer_id":53264756703516,"sku":"AC-ROM-D-MARUREL-NO","price":114.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Faustina the Elder (138 - 140 CE)","offer_id":53264756670748,"sku":"AC-ROM-D-FSTELDER-NO","price":74.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Commodus (177 - 192 CE)","offer_id":53264756769052,"sku":"AC-ROM-D-COMMOD-NO","price":84.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Hadrian (117 - 138 CE)","offer_id":53264756637980,"sku":"AC-ROM-D-HADRIAN-NO","price":104.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Trajan (98 - 117 CE)","offer_id":53264756605212,"sku":"AC-ROM-D-TRAJAN-NO","price":104.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/antoninuspiusdeninbox.jpg?v=1743105091"},{"product_id":"roman-republic-q-titius-ar-quinarius-victory-pegasus-90-bce-roman-republic-rp22v","title":"Roman Republic, Q. Titius, AR Quinarius, Victory \u0026 Pegasus - 90 BCE - Roman Republic","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Roman Republic\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Q. Titius\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 90 BCE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e AR (silver) quinarius\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e Rome\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 14mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eType Number:\u003c\/b\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/numismatics.org\/crro\/id\/rrc-341.3\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/numismatics.org\/crro\/id\/rrc-341.3\"\u003eRRC 341\/3\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e Bust of Victory, right, draped. Border of dots.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e  Q·TITI - Pegasus, right. Border of dots.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53289150873884,"sku":"AUCT-NOV-TWLTH-25-RP-22-V","price":119.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_9915-Photoroom.jpg?v=1762318936"},{"product_id":"rome-empress-herennia-etruscilla-ar-antoninianus-pudicitia-goddess-of-chastity-249-to-251-ce-roman-empire-rp41ao","title":"Rome, Empress Herennia Etruscilla, AR Antoninianus, Pudicitia (Goddess of Chastity) - 249 to 251 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Roman Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Empress Herennia Etruscilla\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 249 - 251 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e AR (debased silver) antoninianus\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e City of Rome\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 22mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eType Number:\u003c\/b\u003e \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.4.tr_d.59B\" data-mce-href=\"https:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.4.tr_d.59B\"\u003eRIC IV Trajan Decius 59B\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e HER ETRVSCILLA AVG - Bust of Herennia Etruscilla, diademed, draped, on crescent, right\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e PVDICITIA AVG - Pudicitia, draped, veiled, seated left, drawing veil with right hand, holding sceptre in left hand\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eNotes:\u003c\/b\u003e Pudicitia was a goddess and a virtue associated with chastity, self-control, and proper social behavior, particularly for women.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53289159360796,"sku":"AUCT-NOV-TWLTH-25-RP-41-AO","price":99.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_9973-Photoroom.jpg?v=1762319316"},{"product_id":"rome-emperor-antoninus-pius-ae-sestertius-roma-goddess-of-rome-145-to-161-ce-roman-empire-pr53ba","title":"Rome, Emperor Antoninus Pius, AE Sestertius, Roma (Goddess of Rome) - 145 to 161 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Roman Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Emperor Antoninus Pius\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 145 - 161 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e AE (bronze) sestertius\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e Rome\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 31mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eType Number:\u003c\/b\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.3.ant.780\" data-mce-href=\"http:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.3.ant.780\"\u003eRIC III Antoninus Pius 780\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e ANTONINVS AVG PIVS P P TR P COS IIII - Head of Antoninus Pius, laureate, right\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e S C - Roma, helmeted, draped, seated, left on throne, holding Victory on extended right hand and resting left elbow on shield set on prow on right: transverse spear rests in crook of left arm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eNotes:\u003c\/b\u003e Roma was a female deity who personified the city of Rome and, more broadly, the Roman state.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53332958413084,"sku":"S-CNMT-AUCT-NOV-TWYSIX-25-PR-53-BA","price":579.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_0192-Photoroom.jpg?v=1763062883"},{"product_id":"rome-emperor-gordian-iii-ae-sestertius-apollo-major-greek-god-241-to-244-ce-roman-empire-pr54bb","title":"Rome, Emperor Gordian III, AE Sestertius, Apollo (Major Greek God) - 241 to 244 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Roman Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Emperor Gordian III\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 241 - 244 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e AE (bronze) sestertius\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e Rome\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 30mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eType Number:\u003c\/b\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.4.gor_iii.304A\" data-mce-href=\"http:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.4.gor_iii.304A\"\u003eRIC IV Gordian III 304A\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e IMP GORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG - Bust of Gordian III, laureate, draped, cuirassed, right\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e P M TR P VI COS II P P S C - Apollo, nude to waist, seated left, holding branch in extended right hand and resting left elbow on lyre\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eNotes:\u003c\/b\u003e Apollo is a major Greek god that has been recognized as a god of archery, music and dance, truth and prophecy, healing and diseases, the Sun and light, poetry, and more.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53332958445852,"sku":"CNMT-AUCT-NOV-TWYSIX-25-PR-54-BB","price":219.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_0194-Photoroom.jpg?v=1763062884"},{"product_id":"rome-empress-faustina-i-ar-denarius-ceres-agriculture-motherhood-141-ce-roman-empire-u14n","title":"Rome, Empress Faustina I, AR Denarius, Ceres (Agriculture \u0026 Motherhood) - 141 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Roman Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Empress Faustina I\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 141 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e AR (silver) denarius\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e City of Rome\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 18.5mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eType Number:\u003c\/b\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.3.ant.361a_denarius\" data-mce-href=\"http:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.3.ant.361a_denarius\"\u003eRIC III Antoninus Pius 361a (denarius)\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e DIVA FAVSTINA - Bust of Faustina the Elder, draped, right, hair elaborately waved in several loops round head and drawn up and coiled on top.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e AVGVSTA - Ceres, veiled, draped, standing left, stretching out right hand and holding torch, nearly vertical, in left\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eNotes:\u003c\/b\u003e In Roman mythology, Ceres was the goddess of agriculture, fertility, and motherhood.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53682334368028,"sku":"AUCT-JAN-SEVNTH-26-MU-14-N","price":109.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_1393-Photoroom_a120a1fe-5aac-439a-b161-6551fe0f6732.jpg?v=1767815420"},{"product_id":"rome-emperor-gordian-iii-ar-antoninianus-roma-goddess-of-rome-240-ce-roman-empire-u35ai","title":"Rome, Emperor Gordian III, AR Antoninianus, Roma (Goddess of Rome) - 240 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Roman Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Emperor Gordian III\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 240 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e AR (silver) antoninianus\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e City of Rome\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 23mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eType Number:\u003c\/b\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.4.gor_iii.38\" data-mce-href=\"http:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.4.gor_iii.38\"\u003eRIC IV Gordian III 38\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e IMP CAES M ANT GORDIANVS AVG - Bust of Gordian III, radiate, draped, cuirassed, right\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e ROMAE AETERNAE - Roma, helmeted, in military attire, seated left on shield, holding Victory in extended right hand and spear in left hand\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eNotes:\u003c\/b\u003e Roma was a female deity who personified the city of Rome and, more broadly, the Roman state.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53682337906972,"sku":"AUCT-JAN-SEVNTH-26-MU-35-AI","price":99.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_1437-Photoroom_670c9103-0af2-455a-9c04-4b2ca4a56679.jpg?v=1767816015"},{"product_id":"palmyrene-empire-under-rome-emperor-aurelian-vaballathus-ar-antoninianus-270-to-275-ce-ancient-syria-u40an","title":"Palmyrene Empire (Under Rome), Emperor Aurelian \u0026 Vaballathus, AR Antoninianus - 270 to 275 CE - Ancient Syria","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eOrigin:\u003c\/b\u003e Palmyrene Empire (Roman breakaway state)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eAuthority:\u003c\/b\u003e Emperor Aurelian \u0026amp; Vaballathus\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDate:\u003c\/b\u003e 270 - 275 CE\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eDenomination:\u003c\/b\u003e AR (silver) antoninianus\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eMint:\u003c\/b\u003e Antioch, Syria\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 20.5mm\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eType Number:\u003c\/b\u003e \u003ca href=\"http:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.5.aur.381\" data-mce-href=\"http:\/\/numismatics.org\/ocre\/id\/ric.5.aur.381\"\u003eRIC V Aurelian 381\u003c\/a\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eObverse:\u003c\/b\u003e IMP C AVRELIANVS AVG - Bust of Aurelian, radiate, cuirassed, right\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eReverse:\u003c\/b\u003e VABALATHVS VCRIMDR - Bust of Vabalathus, laureate, draped, cuirassed, right\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cb\u003eNotes:\u003c\/b\u003e Vaballathus was emperor of the Palmyrene Empire, a short lived Roman breakaway state centered in Palmyra, Syria. His mother Zenobia led a rebellion against the Roman Empire, and for a time Vaballathus' rule was recognized as legitimate by the Roman emperor Aurelian—leading to the striking of coins with dual portraits such as this one. However, this peace was short lived, and Palmyra was retaken by Rome in 272 CE. The final fate of Vaballathus and his mother remains uncertain.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in the photos.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53682339447068,"sku":"AUCT-JAN-SEVNTH-26-MU-40-AN","price":69.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/IMG_1447-Photoroom.jpg?v=1767816021"}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/collections\/Ancient_roman_banner.jpg?v=1729790041","url":"https:\/\/www.historyhoard.com\/collections\/ancient-rome.oembed?page=5","provider":"History Hoard","version":"1.0","type":"link"}