{"title":"ancient-history-regular-stock","description":"","products":[{"product_id":"ancient-collection-six-empires","title":"The Ancient Collection - 100 AD - 6 Coins","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eAncient Collection\u003c\/strong\u003e features coins from six different cultures that flourished during antiquity. The collection includes:\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eA \u003cstrong\u003eRoman\u003c\/strong\u003e bronze nummus from the Constantinian dynasty, featuring the portrait of Constantine the Great or one of his sons (c. 306 to 363 CE)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA bronze coin from the kingdom of \u003cstrong\u003eElymais\u003c\/strong\u003e, which existed near present day Iran during the Hellenistic period (c. 147 BCE to 224 CE)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA prutah from ancient \u003cstrong\u003eJudea\u003c\/strong\u003e, which bore witness to the tumultuous times of Roman occupation (c. 140 BCE to 70 CE)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA bronze coin from the \u003cstrong\u003eNabataean Kingdom\u003c\/strong\u003e, the builders of the famous rock carved city of Petra\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA \u003cstrong\u003eChinese\u003c\/strong\u003e wu zhu from the Han dynasty (141 to 87 BCE)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA copper coin from the \u003cstrong\u003eNagas of Narwar\u003c\/strong\u003e in India (200 to 340 CE)\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThough lacking in precious metal content, these low denomination coins are especially interesting from a historical point of view because they were actually used in everyday transactions. As the currency of the common people, these coins were used to pay for a wide variety of goods and services, as well as taxes. They provide a glimpse into the everyday lives of people in ancient times and can tell us about the economy, trade, and social norms of the period.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThis collection comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e, and each of the coins has been professionally cleaned and conserved.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":12459383160879,"sku":"AC-COL-ANCFULL","price":109.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/PhotoRoom-20230823_154642.png?v=1743105378"},{"product_id":"ancient-bronze-arrowhead-700-bc","title":"Scythian Bronze Arrowhead - 700 BC - East Europe","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis bronze arrowhead design was developed by the Scythians, a group of nomadic warriors on horseback who lived in what is now Siberia. Many other groups ended up adapting this design too—Greeks and Romans both used this kind of arrowhead as well. The arrowheads featured in this listing were found in the Eastern Mediterranean region, though it is impossible to attribute them to a particular culture.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBronze became the most common material for arrowheads around 2000 BCE, replacing the cruder stone ones of the Neolithic Age. It was sturdy, easy to cast, and held a very sharp edge. Though cheaper iron arrow tips began to develop over the next few hundred years as well, bronze still held its ground well into the beginning of the Medieval period.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eScythian bronze arrowheads came in many different forms. Some were flat, having one blade on each side, while others were three sided. The cruder ones were simply triangle or pyramid shaped, but the more complex ones were barbed\u003cspan\u003e—making the arrows nearly impossible to remove without immense pain and tissue damage.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEven into medieval times, archery remained a staple of warfare for centuries. Only in the 16th century did it finally become obsolete in Europe, due to the advancement of early firearms.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Large (0.8 to 1.2 inches) \/ Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":46909895409948,"sku":"AC-SCY-ARROW-LG","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Large (0.8 to 1.2 inches) \/ No display - just the relic and certificate\/info card","offer_id":46909895442716,"sku":"AC-SCY-ARROW-LG-NO","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Small (0.5 to 0.7 inches) \/ Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32906817077295,"sku":"AC-SCY-ARROW-SM","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Small (0.5 to 0.7 inches) \/ No display - just the relic and certificate\/info card","offer_id":32906817110063,"sku":"AC-SCY-ARROW-SM-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/BronzeArrowhead_fabced91-ceef-4d5a-b374-80714156829a_1.jpg?v=1743105366"},{"product_id":"ancient-greek-silver-drachm-400-bc","title":"Greek Silver Drachm, Illyria - c. 229 to 100 BCE - Ancient Greek World","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis silver drachm was minted in Illyria, a region in the western Balkans that was heavily settled by the ancient Greeks. A drachm was both a weight and a type of silver coin under the drachma system of measurement, being approximately 3.8 grams in size. Greek coins under this system ranged in size from the tiny 0.9 gram hemitetartemorion to the hefty 43 gram dekadrachm.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis coin originates from Apollonia or Dyrrhachium, both in modern day Albania. These cities were natural trading hubs, with their harbors located along routes of commerce. While Apollonia was eventually abandoned in the late Roman era due to earthquakes causing its harbor to silt up, Dyrrhachium continues to thrive to this day, though it is now known as Durrës.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe coin features a cow with her calf on the obverse, with the name of the magistrate written above, and a \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003edouble stellate pattern on the reverse.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32621395705903,"sku":"AC-GR-ILLY-DM","price":114.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553828700444,"sku":"AC-GR-ILLY-DM-NO","price":99.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Illyriadrachm.png?v=1743105353"},{"product_id":"celtic-bronze-ring-800-bc","title":"Celtic Bronze Ring - 800 BC - Danubian Region","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e These Celtic rings were made from formed bronze over \u003cstrong\u003e2,000 years ago,\u003c\/strong\u003e by Indo-European peoples known as the \u003cstrong\u003eCelts\u003c\/strong\u003e. Though the Celts shared similar languages and cultures, the term actually refers to many separate tribes that once occupied Western Europe between the \u003cstrong\u003eBritish Isles\u003c\/strong\u003e and the \u003cstrong\u003eDanube River\u003c\/strong\u003e region. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe purpose of these rings in ancient times is disputed. They were almost certainly used as saddle or garment fittings, but it's highly likely that they were a form of \u003cstrong\u003eproto-money\u003c\/strong\u003e as well. The rings seem to follow standard sizes, and have been found in large hoards similar to coins.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur Celtic rings have been dated between \u003cstrong\u003e800 to 50 BC, \u003c\/strong\u003eand measure approximately \u003cstrong\u003e0.75 to 1 inch in diameter\u003c\/strong\u003e. Each has been thoroughly inspected for authenticity and has had minimal cleaning performed. As these are ancient items that were not produced to jewelry standards, \u003cstrong\u003ewearing these rings as jewelry is not recommended.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"m\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"margin-top: 40px; float: none;\" height=\"2048x2048\" width=\"2048x2048\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Geschichte_des_Kostums__1905___14597696020_2048x2048.jpg?v=1600719743\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"d\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"margin-top: 20px; float: none;\" height=\"1024x1024\" width=\"1024x1024\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Geschichte_des_Kostums__1905___14597696020_1024x1024.jpg?v=1600719743\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eA modern depiction of Scottish highlanders, a group with Celtic origins.\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Small (0.5\" to 0.7\")","offer_id":32906790731823,"sku":"AC-CELT-RING-S","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Medium (0.7\" to 1.0\")","offer_id":40225932214319,"sku":"AC-CELT-RING-M","price":43.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Small (0.5\" to 0.7\")","offer_id":51553828602140,"sku":"AC-CELT-RING-S-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Medium (0.7\" to 1.0\")","offer_id":51553828634908,"sku":"AC-CELT-RING-M-NO","price":28.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/CelticRing.jpg?v=1743105350"},{"product_id":"india-gandhara-kingdom-185-bc","title":"India, Gandhara Kingdom - 185 BC - Pakistan","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e These coins were produced by the \u003cstrong\u003eGandhara Kingdom\u003c\/strong\u003e, an ancient state in northwest India that played a major role as a center for early Buddhist teachings. They are \u003cstrong\u003elocal civic coinage \u003c\/strong\u003eissued by the city of \u003cstrong\u003ePushkalavati\u003c\/strong\u003e, featuring a brilliantly struck \u003cstrong\u003etiger\u003c\/strong\u003e on the obverse and \u003cstrong\u003eelephant\u003c\/strong\u003e on the reverse.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe region was also known for having a strong Greek influence due to its conquest by \u003cstrong\u003eAlexander the Great\u003c\/strong\u003e around \u003cstrong\u003e325 BC\u003c\/strong\u003e. Though the coin's weight and square shape are typical of ancient Indian coinage, the design carries a distinct Greco-Indian style. \u003cstrong\u003ePushkalavati \u003c\/strong\u003estruck these coins around \u003cstrong\u003e185 to 165 BC\u003c\/strong\u003e, in order to assert its independence from the rapidly expanding \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eGraeco-Bactrian kingdoms nearby.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThese copper coins measure about \u003cstrong\u003e0.8 inches (20mm)\u003c\/strong\u003e in width, and their denomination is \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e1 1\/2 Karshapana\u003c\/strong\u003e. They were obtained from an \u003cstrong\u003eANA Certified\u003c\/strong\u003e numismatist, and a Certificate of Authenticity is included with all of our items.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca id=\"faq-btn\"\u003e\u003c\/a\u003eFrequently Asked Questions\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"m\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"margin-top: 20px; float: none;\" height=\"2048x2048\" width=\"2048x2048\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/800px-Gandhara__testa_di_buddha__I-III_sec_2048x2048.jpg?v=1602881492\" alt=\"Gandhara Buddha\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"d\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"margin-top: 40px; float: none;\" height=\"480x480\" width=\"480x480\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/800px-Gandhara__testa_di_buddha__I-III_sec_480x480.jpg?v=1602881492\" alt=\"Gandhara Buddha\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eThis Greco-Indian Buddha is a prime example of Gandhara art (\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Gandhara,_testa_di_buddha,_I-III_sec.JPG\"\u003evia Wikimedia\u003c\/a\u003e)\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32906812194863,"sku":"AC-IND-GAND","price":64.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553828339996,"sku":"AC-IND-GAND-NO","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/AncientIndia.jpg?v=1743105343"},{"product_id":"china-han-dynasty-141-bc","title":"China, Han Dynasty - 118 BC - Ancient China","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e Though these bronze \u003cem\u003eWu Zhu\u003c\/em\u003e coins were first cast by China's \u003cstrong\u003eHan Dynasty\u003c\/strong\u003e in \u003cstrong\u003e118 BC\u003c\/strong\u003e, almost the same design was used until the start of the Tang Dynasty in 618 AD over \u003cstrong\u003e736 years later\u003c\/strong\u003e—making them the \u003cstrong\u003elongest produced coin design \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ein history\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe coins were based on the \"zhu\" system of measurement, whereas one zhu was equal to 100 grains of millet. \"Wu Zhu\" literally translates to \"five zhu,\" although in reality their weight often varied. This is also what the characters on the front of the coin translate to, written in the ancient writing style of \u003cstrong\u003eseal script\u003c\/strong\u003e. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe period in which these coins are from, the Han Dynasty, is considered to be the \u003cstrong\u003egolden age of ancient Chinese history\u003c\/strong\u003e. Lasting over 400 years, the dynasty laid the groundwork for much of Chinese culture\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e—even today, China's largest ethnic group refers to themselves as \u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\"Han Chinese.\" \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur Wu Zhu coins come from the collection of a Mr. Fishman, a prominent numismatist in the field of ancient Asian currency who has written a book specifically about Han Dynasty coins. They have been cleaned in a tumbler to remove encrustations and coated with a protective wax to preserve their original finish. These coins are guaranteed authentic, and come with a signed \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"m\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"Wu Zhu mold\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/1024px-Coin_Mould_in_Shanghai_Museum_03_2014-07_2048x2048.jpg?v=1604013884\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"margin-top: 20px; float: none;\" data-mce-style=\"margin-top: 20px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"d\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"Wu Zhu mold\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/1024px-Coin_Mould_in_Shanghai_Museum_03_2014-07_2048x2048.jpg?v=1604013884\" width=\"2048x2048\" height=\"2048x2048\" style=\"margin-top: 40px; float: none;\" data-mce-style=\"margin-top: 40px; float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eA typical clay mold that was used to cast Wu Zhu coins, with metal being poured down into the central \"tree.\" (via \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Coin_Mould_in_Shanghai_Museum_03_2014-07.JPG\"\u003eWikimedia\u003c\/a\u003e)\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32906790797359,"sku":"AC-CHINA-HAN","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553828143388,"sku":"AC-CHINA-HAN-NO","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/HanDynasty.jpg?v=1743105339"},{"product_id":"roman-emperor-nero-tetradrachm-54-ad","title":"Roman Egypt, Emperor Nero, Billon Tetradrachm - 54 AD - Roman Provinces","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eFrom the stories of tyranny and debauchery to his unmistakable chin, \u003cstrong\u003eEmperor Nero\u003c\/strong\u003e is easily one of the most infamous leaders in Roman history.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHe certainly had a strong affinity to violence\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e—\u003c\/span\u003eNero attempted to murder his own mother several times before finally succeeding, and also killed at least one of his wives. His demise ended the \u003cstrong\u003eJudio-Claudian dynasty\u003c\/strong\u003e and left a legacy of chaos, leading to the disastrous \"Year of Four Emperors\" that left Rome without a clear ruler. However, the one thing Nero probably didn't do was play his fiddle as Rome burned down\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e—this is only a myth, alt\u003c\/span\u003ehough his reputation certainly makes it believable.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese \u003cem\u003e\u003c\/em\u003etetradrachms were minted in \u003cstrong\u003eAlexandria, Egypt\u003c\/strong\u003e, and were made from a silver alloy called \u003cem\u003ebillon\u003c\/em\u003e. At the time, Alexandria was not a traditional part of the Roman Empire, but rather it was considered the emperor's personal possession. Even Roman senators were not allowed to visit the area without the express permission of the emperor, and coins minted within Egypt did not circulate outside the region.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe coins feature the \u003cstrong\u003eradiate bust of Nero\u003c\/strong\u003e on the obverse side. The reverse side of these coins vary, depicting\u003cstrong\u003e over 150 variants of royals, Egyptian deities, and other figures.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32906816159791,"sku":"AC-EGY-ROM-NERO","price":149.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553827455260,"sku":"AC-EGY-ROM-NERO-NO","price":134.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Nero_Tets_new.jpg?v=1780687543"},{"product_id":"widows-mite-biblical-judea-103-bc","title":"Widow's Mite, Biblical Judea - 103 BC - Middle East","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese small bronze coins of ancient Judea were uniquely featured in one of the most famous texts of all time\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e—\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ethe Bible\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to the Bible, the\u003cstrong\u003e Parable of the Widow's Mite\u003c\/strong\u003e was a story of charity told by Jesus shortly before his crucifixion. It describes a scene witnessed by him as he preached in\u003cstrong\u003e the Temple of the City of David,\u003c\/strong\u003e where rich businessmen were donating many pieces of silver to the Temple's treasury. A poor widow then approached and deposited two small bronze \"mites,\" a gesture appreciated by Jesus as it represented her \"whole livelihood.\"\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe actual passage can be found in \u003cstrong\u003eMark 12:41-44\u003c\/strong\u003e, and is quoted below:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"He sat down opposite the treasury and observed how the crowd put money into the treasury. Many rich people put in large sums. A poor widow also came and put in two small coins worth a few cents. Calling his disciples to himself, he said to them, 'Amen, I say to you, this poor widow put in more than all the other contributors to the treasury. For they have all contributed from their surplus wealth, but she, from her poverty, has contributed all she had, her whole livelihood.'\"\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe actual coins described by the Bible as \"widow's mites\" are thought to be \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eleptons\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e, the smallest and lowest denomination coins used in Judea during the life of Jesus Christ. Most of these coins were crudely struck on small pieces of bronze, often with off center designs that show minimal imagery. Typically one side of each coin shows an \u003cstrong\u003eeight-pointed star, symbolizing Heaven\u003c\/strong\u003e, while the other shows an \u003cstrong\u003eanchor (a tradition adopted from the Seleucids)\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur widow's mites are bronze leptons that date back to the \u003cstrong\u003e1st century BC\u003c\/strong\u003e, and likely would have circulated within the Holy Land during the lifetime of Jesus. They include a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"m\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" height=\"2048x2048\" width=\"2048x2048\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/City_of_David__Wadi_Hilweh___Palestinian_village__Israeli_settlement__Archaeological_site___from_the_air_2048x2048.jpg?v=1610577156\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"d\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg style=\"float: none;\" height=\"2048x2048\" width=\"2048x2048\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/City_of_David__Wadi_Hilweh___Palestinian_village__Israeli_settlement__Archaeological_site___from_the_air_2048x2048.jpg?v=1610577156\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eA modern view of the \"City of David,\" the setting of the Parable of the Widow's Mite. Today it is the Palestinian village of Wadi Hilweh. (via \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:City_of_David,_Wadi_Hilweh_%E2%80%93_Palestinian_village,_Israeli_settlement,_Archaeological_site_%E2%80%93_from_the_air.jpg\"\u003eWikimedia\u003c\/a\u003e)\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32908434047023,"sku":"AC-JUD-WMITE","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553827356956,"sku":"AC-JUD-WMITE-NO","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/WidowsMite.jpg?v=1743105317"},{"product_id":"roman-egypt-bronze-tetradrachm-225-ad","title":"Roman Egypt, Debased Silver Tetradrachm - c. 225 to 300 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThese tetradrachms, issued under Roman rule, were struck at the city of \u003cstrong\u003eAlexandria \u003c\/strong\u003ein the Nile River delta\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e. Each coin was made from a mixture of bronze and a small amount of silver, a material known as billon. They show a unique blend of cultures as well: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ethe deities seen on the reverse are stylistically Egyptian, yet the portrait of the emperor on the obverse is unmistakably Roman.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSince ancient Egyptian culture was very distinct to that of the Greeks and Romans, it's easy to forget that Egypt wasn't actually ruled by Egyptians for the last thousand years of ancient history.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEgypt was first conquered by the Persian \u003cstrong\u003eAchaemenid Empire\u003c\/strong\u003e in the sixth century BC, who continued to rule for about 200 years. When \u003cstrong\u003eAlexander the Great \u003c\/strong\u003efamously conquered Egypt and established the Greek \u003cstrong\u003ePtolemaic Kingdom\u003c\/strong\u003e in 332 BC, it was actually already under foreign rule.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 30 AD, Egypt changed hands yet again\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e—\u003c\/span\u003eafter a \u003cstrong\u003eRoman offensive in Alexandria\u003c\/strong\u003e and the suicide of the last Ptolemaic ruler \u003cstrong\u003eCleopatra\u003c\/strong\u003e, the region was absorbed into the Roman Empire as the\u003cstrong\u003e province of Egypt. \u003c\/strong\u003eRoman rule in the region would last until 641 AD, as Egypt was retained by the Byzantines even after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach of these coins includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":32930758426671,"sku":"AC-EGY-ROM-TR","price":74.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553825882396,"sku":"AC-EGY-ROM-TR-NO","price":59.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/new_egypt_tets_in_box.jpg?v=1743105313"},{"product_id":"alexander-the-great-silver-336-bc","title":"Alexander The Great Drachm (High Grade) - 336 to 167 BCE - Macedon\/Greece","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eThese Macedonian silver drachms were minted in the name of Alexander III, better known as \u003cstrong\u003eAlexander the Great\u003c\/strong\u003e. The coins depict Alexander as the Greek hero \u003cstrong\u003eHerakles\u003c\/strong\u003e, with a lion skin draped over his head, as well as a seated \u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eimage of the god \u003cstrong\u003eZeus\u003c\/strong\u003e on the reverse side.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDue to his popularity as a ruler, silver coins like this continued to be issued in Alexander's name for \u003cstrong\u003eup to two centuries after his death\u003c\/strong\u003e. Though some of these coins can be definitively identified as lifetime or posthumous issues based on subtle details, such as the placement of Zeus' legs or the presence of certain small symbols, this is not always an exact science.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlexander's military prowess firmly cemented him into legend. At just sixteen, Alexander lead the Macedonian army to a swift win against a Thracian uprising. He not only drove them out, but colonized their territory with Greek settlers and renamed it Alexandropolis. \u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eOf course, this same boy would grow up to conquer Greece, Egypt, Persia, and everything in between. But Alexander had a dark side. He was known for being power hungry and tyrannical, often torturing and killing those who spoke against him. Nevertheless, Alexander was struck down suddenly from unknown causes at the age of just 32. Though his legacy is complicated as it is vast, few others have changed the world so much in such little time.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese coins measure approximately \u003cstrong\u003e15 to 18 mm\u003c\/strong\u003e in diameter, and each comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg style=\"margin-top: 20px; float: none;\" height=\"2048x2048\" width=\"2048x2048\" alt=\"Alexander the great mosaic\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Product_Descriptions_Mobile_14_2048x2048.png?v=1598308262\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003ci\u003eAlexander depicted in a Roman mosaic over 200 years after his death.\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":39268401315887,"sku":"AC-ALEX-SL","price":274.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin, certificate, and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553825816860,"sku":"AC-ALEX-SL-NO","price":259.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Alexsilverdrachmnew.jpg?v=1743105311"},{"product_id":"india-western-satraps-238-ad","title":"India, Western Satraps Drachm - 238 AD - Indo-Scythian","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e These silver drachms date to the rule of \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eVijayasena (238 - 250 CE)\u003c\/strong\u003e, as revealed by the coins' inscriptions. They measure approximately \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e15 mm\u003c\/strong\u003e in diameter, and each comes with a \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eCertificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eWestern Satraps\u003c\/strong\u003e were a group of Indo-Scythian (or \u003cstrong\u003eSaka\u003c\/strong\u003e) rulers that controlled western and central India between 35 and 405 CE. The coins they struck accurately reflect their\u003cstrong\u003e Indo-Greek\u003c\/strong\u003e culture, combining stylistically Greek portraits and lettering with Buddhist symbolism. The Saka rulers would eventually succumb to the rival \u003cstrong\u003eGupta Empire\u003c\/strong\u003e in the 4th century CE.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":39283496747055,"sku":"AC-IND-SATRAPS","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin, certificate, and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553825751324,"sku":"AC-IND-SATRAPS-NO","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/indiawsatraps.jpg?v=1743105308"},{"product_id":"elymais-bronze-drachm-147-bc","title":"Elymais Bronze Drachm - 147 BC - Middle East","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eElymais\u003c\/strong\u003e was a small kingdom that existed along the \u003cstrong\u003ePersian Gulf\u003c\/strong\u003e from 147 BCE to 224 CE. It was an independent state for most of its history, though it frequently fell under control of the Parthian Empire.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThough many coins of Elymais have been recovered, many aspects of the state still remain a mystery to historians. Its language, \u003cstrong\u003eElamite\u003c\/strong\u003e, has no known linguistic relatives and has not yet been fully translated. The culture of Elymais is mostly unknown as well, though it almost certainly had a heavy Greek and Parthian influence. The most complete record of the state is its kings, which were divided into the Kamnaskirid and Arsacid lines.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoins of Elymais are modelled after the Greek system of currency, and these small bronze pieces are referred to as \"drachms\" by numismatists. The obverse side of these coins feature a \u003cstrong\u003eportrait \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eof a king \u003c\/strong\u003enext to an \u003cstrong\u003eanchor\u003c\/strong\u003e, the symbol of Elymais. There are many different types of reverse designs, but they often show the Greek goddess \u003cstrong\u003eArtemis\u003c\/strong\u003e surrounded by text.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":39987965788207,"sku":"AC-ELYMAIS","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin, certificate, and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553824276764,"sku":"AC-ELYMAIS-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Elymais.jpg?v=1743105269"},{"product_id":"early-byzantine-follis-600-ad","title":"Early Byzantine Follis - 600 AD - East Europe","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eThese bronze coins of the \u003cstrong\u003eByzantine Empire\u003c\/strong\u003e are known as a follis. The large \"M\" or \"K\" struck onto the reverse indicates the denomination, which was 40 or 20 nummi respectively. They all date back to approximately the 7th century CE, and feature various emperors on the obverse side. Their size varies between 3\/4 inches (15mm) and 1 1\/4 inches (30mm) in diameter.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Byzantine Empire (also known as the \u003cstrong\u003eEastern Roman Empire\u003c\/strong\u003e) was a continuation of the ancient Roman Empire. It technically formed in 395 AD when the empire split into East and West, though Romans at the time hardly made that distinction. While the Western Empire would fall in the late 400's AD, Byzantine rule lasted well into the Middle Ages until 1453. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":40002122678319,"sku":"AC-BYZ-FOLLIS","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin, certificate, and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553824080156,"sku":"AC-BYZ-FOLLIS-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Follis.jpg?v=1743105267"},{"product_id":"celtic-imitation-of-greek-coin-200-bc","title":"Celtic Imitation of Greek Coin - 168 BC - Danubian Region","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003eThese unique bronze coins were struck by \u003cstrong\u003eCeltic\u003c\/strong\u003e people in the \u003cstrong\u003eDanubian Region\u003c\/strong\u003e of southeastern Europe, but based heavily on a \u003cstrong\u003eGreek design\u003c\/strong\u003e—specifically, coins of the \u003cstrong\u003eancient Macedonian king Philip V\u003c\/strong\u003e or his son \u003cstrong\u003ePerseus\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDue to the widespread influence of Greek culture in the ancient world, many societies took inspiration from or even outright copied Greek currency when designing their own money. Cultures as far as India are known to have used Greek style \"drachms\" as currency, and their designs often included figures from Greek mythology as well as inscriptions meant to look like Greek writing.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt's important to note that these imitative coins were not made by the Celts to fool Macedonian merchants, but rather for circulation within Celtic society itself. They date back to the 2nd to 1st century BCE, featuring the \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ehead of the river god Strymon\u003c\/strong\u003e on the obverse and a \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003etrident with Greek-like lettering\u003c\/strong\u003e on the reverse. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg height=\"600x600\" width=\"600x600\" style=\"float: none;\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Celtic_imitations_6580676b-796d-487b-b42a-49611ba3c435_1024x1024.jpg?v=1641713234\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":40403095158831,"sku":"AC-CELT-IMTV","price":54.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553821425948,"sku":"AC-CELT-IMTV-NO","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Celticimitative.jpg?v=1743105245"},{"product_id":"india-taxila-gandhara-silver-coin-500-to-300-bce-achaemenid-empire","title":"India, Taxila \u0026 Gandhara Silver Coin - 500 to 300 BCE - Achaemenid Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003eThese cup-shaped silver coins are some of the oldest struck in the Indian subcontinent, and date back to the 6th century BCE. Unlike other coins produced in regions controlled by the Achaemenid Empire, these coins were not Greek inspired and instead feature an intricate geometric pattern.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Achaemenid Empire was the first Persian empire, and controlled much of the land in the Middle East and India at its height. It expanded its borders to the Taxila-Gandhara region of modern day Pakistan in 518 BCE, and the area remained under Achaemenid control until it was conquered by Alexander the Great two hundred years later.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"_1qeIAgB0cPwnLhDF9XSiJM\"\u003eBecause of the age of these coins, many vary in shape. However, all are about the same size and have a similar level of detail.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":40601524666415,"sku":"AC-IND-TAXILA","price":64.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553819722012,"sku":"AC-IND-TAXILA-NO","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Taxila.jpg?v=1743105234"},{"product_id":"celtic-gaul-silver-quinarius-80-bc-western-europe","title":"Celtic Gaul, Silver Quinarius - 80 BC - Western Europe","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003eThese Celtic silver coins were struck over 2,000 years ago, and would have circulated during the \u003cstrong\u003eGallic Wars\u003c\/strong\u003e—a war waged by the Roman general \u003cstrong\u003eJulius Caesar\u003c\/strong\u003e against the nomadic groups inhabiting Gaul, an ancient region consisting of \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003epresent-day France, Belgium, and parts of the United Kingdom and Germany.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Celts themselves were a group of \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eIndo-European tribes\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e that once occupied Western Europe between the \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eBritish Isles\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e and the \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDanube River\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e region. Roman forces invaded Gaul in order to expand their territory, and the Celts and other tribes in the area ultimately fell under Roman rule when it became a Roman province in 27 BCE.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe design of these coins imitated Roman coinage, as many other early Celtic coins did. As such, it features the \u003cstrong\u003ehelmeted head of the female deity Roma (a personification of the city of Rome)\u003c\/strong\u003e on the obverse and \u003cstrong\u003ea horse\u003c\/strong\u003e on the reverse. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Quinarius_1024x1024.jpg?v=1649561912\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eA quinarius of the Roman Republic, which these Celtic coins were based on. Note the similar depiction of Roma on the obverse and horses on the reverse.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":40767774294063,"sku":"AC-CELT-QUIN","price":184.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553819066652,"sku":"AC-CELT-QUIN-NO","price":169.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/CelticGaul.jpg?v=1743105228"},{"product_id":"mauryan-empire-punch-mark-coins-322-bc-india","title":"Mauryan Empire Punch Mark Coins  - 322 BC - India","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003eThese unique coins date back to the Mauryan Empire, the first empire to cover almost all of the Indian subcontinent.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFashioned from irregularly shaped pieces of silver, Mauryan coins interestingly featured many small symbols erratically punched into the metal instead of one single design. The most common symbols include the sun, geometric patterns, human figures, animals, bows, arrows, wheels, trees, hills, and more. A total of about 450 types are currently known.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese coins eventually fell out of fashion after the fall of the Mauryans, and were replaced by Greek style coinage due to the growing influence of Hellenistic culture on India.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":40984393252911,"sku":"AC-IND-MAURYA","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553817919772,"sku":"AC-IND-MAURYA-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Black_35.png?v=1743105209"},{"product_id":"sasanian-empire-khosrow-ii-591-to-628-ce-persia","title":"Sasanian Empire, Khosrow II - 591 to 628 CE - Persia","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003eThese silver drachms were struck under \u003cstrong\u003eKhosrow II \u003c\/strong\u003e(also known as \"Khusru\"), one of the last kings of the ancient \u003cstrong\u003eSasanian Empire\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Sasanian Empire, also known as the \u003cstrong\u003eEmpire of Iranians \u003c\/strong\u003eor the \u003cstrong\u003eNeo-Persian Empire\u003c\/strong\u003e, was the last Iranian empire before the Middle East fell under Muslim rule. Rising from the ashes of the \u003cstrong\u003eParthians\u003c\/strong\u003e, the empire is often considered to be the peak of ancient Iranian culture with its influence reaching as far as Western Europe, India, and China. Much of its art, music, architecture, literature, and philosophy was adapted as the basis of Islamic culture after its conquest.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese coins were made from thinly hammered silver and are quite wide in diameter compared to many other ancient coins. The \u003cem\u003edrachm\u003c\/em\u003e denomination was a holdout from the \u003cstrong\u003eParthians\u003c\/strong\u003e, who in turn were originally mimicking \u003cstrong\u003eGreek\u003c\/strong\u003e coins. The obverse side shows a portrait of Khosrow II, while the reverse shows a \u003cstrong\u003eZoroastrian fire altar\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":41143512924207,"sku":"AC-SASANIAN-DHM","price":84.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553817231644,"sku":"AC-SASANIAN-DHM-NO","price":69.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/Sasaniandirham_8fa7b607-1c00-41eb-b8d8-086c7bc7bab9.jpg?v=1743105198"},{"product_id":"gorgon-medusa-coin-amisos-85-to-65-bce-greek-colony","title":"Pontus, City of Amisos, Gorgon (Medusa) Coin - 85 to 65 BCE - Greek World","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThese bronze coins were struck in Amisos, an ancient city on the Black Sea that was part of the \u003cstrong\u003eHellenistic \u003c\/strong\u003e(culturally Greek) kingdom of Pontus. The obverse side features the head of a \u003cstrong\u003egorgon\u003c\/strong\u003e, a snake haired creature in Greek mythology—the most famous example being \u003cstrong\u003eMedusa\u003c\/strong\u003e. The Greek goddess \u003cstrong\u003eNike\u003c\/strong\u003e is seen holding a wreath and a palm branch on the reverse side.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThese coins were struck under \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMithridates VI\u003c\/strong\u003e, and their denomination is a \u003cstrong\u003etetrachalkon\u003c\/strong\u003e (one twelfth of a drachm.)\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/PonticKingdom_1024x1024.png?v=1668213181\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eA map of the Kingdom of Pontus. The light pink areas were added during Mithridates VI's reign.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe Extraordinary Story of Mithridates VI\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMithridates \u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003esucceeded his father in 120 BCE, when he was still only a boy. He briefly co-ruled with his mother until he deposed and imprisoned her in 115 BCE.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eMithradates was a ruthless leader and warlord, gradually conquering western and southern regions along the Black Sea. Among his acts of brutality, he reportedly orchestrated the killing of 88,000 Roman and Italian noncombatants in a single day, leading to the start of the second Mithradatic War in 88 BCE. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eNaturally, he was also one of the most successful challengers to the \u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eRoman Republic\u003c\/strong\u003e—there were three Mithradatic Wars waged with the Romans during his rule.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eUnsurprisingly, Mithradates was paranoid about assassination attempts and was obsessed with creating a \u003cstrong\u003euniversal antidote to all poisons\u003c\/strong\u003e. As he got older, Mithradates would attempt to fortify himself against poisoning attempts by ingesting sublethal amounts of poison. He has been credited as the first toxicologist because of his experiments.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/4852fc400c9207f39478e4184c58ed0f_1024x1024.jpg?v=1668213932\" alt=\"A sculpted bust of Mithridates\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eA sculpted bust of Mithridates VI.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAttempts to recreate Mithradates’ “universal antidote,” (called “\u003cstrong\u003eMithridatium\u003c\/strong\u003e”) have been conducted as recently as the early 1990s, but no successful attempts to recreate the panacea have ever been reported.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThere is much debate as to whether Mithradates’ panacea was a legitimate antidote or a well-crafted lie to discourage attempts on his life, but his unusual suicide indicates there may be some truth to the story. In 63 BC, after a revolt led by his son Pharnacles II, \u003cstrong\u003eMithradates attempted suicide\u003c\/strong\u003e by drinking poison. He survived, then ordered a Gallic mercenary to kill him with his sword.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":43912300790044,"sku":"AC-AMISOS-GORGON","price":64.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553815691548,"sku":"AC-AMISOS-GORGON-NO","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Gorgon_coin_amisos_in_box_2.jpg?v=1744403449"},{"product_id":"posthumous-issue-constantine-the-great-c-337-to-347-ce-roman-empire","title":"Posthumous Issue, Constantine the Great - c. 337 to 347 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e After the death of \u003cstrong\u003eConstantine the Great\u003c\/strong\u003e in 337 CE, his three sons inherited the throne as co-emperors of the Roman Empire. To honor their father's memory and solidify his legacy, they issued posthumous coins featuring his likeness, which was a common practice in the Roman Empire. These coins often depicted \u003cstrong\u003eConstantine wearing a veil\u003c\/strong\u003e, a symbol of his deification and his identification with the gods. By portraying Constantine as a divine figure, the coins emphasized his significance and influence within the empire, and reinforced the idea that he was a powerful and effective ruler who deserved to be venerated.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConstantine I (dubbed \"the Great\") was a Roman emperor who ruled from 306 CE to 337 CE. He is known for his major accomplishments such as the Edict of Milan, which granted religious tolerance to Christians, the Council of Nicaea, where he established a unified doctrine for Christianity, and the construction of monumental structures like the Hagia Sophia. He died in 337 AD and was succeeded by his three sons, Constantine II who ruled over the western Roman Empire, Constantius II who ruled over the East, and Constans who ruled over Italy and Africa.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":44612297785628,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTPH","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553814348060,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTPH-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/VeiledConstantine.jpg?v=1743105152"},{"product_id":"urbs-roma-commemorative-coin-romulus-and-remus-c-330-to-336-ce-roman-empire","title":"Urbs Roma Coin, Romulus and Remus - c. 330 to 336 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003eThese Urbs Roma commemorative Roman coins were minted during the reign of Emperor \u003cstrong\u003eConstantine the Great\u003c\/strong\u003e, to mark the establishment of Constantinople as the new capital of the Roman Empire. \u003cstrong\u003e\"Urbs Roma\"\u003c\/strong\u003e is Latin for \u003cstrong\u003e\"To the City of Rome,\"\u003c\/strong\u003e a slogan that is seen on the obverse side of these coins.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis celebration of the city of Rome was likely strategic\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e—b\u003c\/span\u003ey praising the city on these coins, Constantine sought to emphasize the continuity of the Roman Empire and its rich cultural heritage, despite the shift in political power to a new capital.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003epersonification of Roma\u003c\/strong\u003e, the goddess of the city of Rome, is used as a symbol of strength and authority on the obverse side of these coins. The reverse side displays a she-wolf suckling the legendary founders of Rome, \u003cstrong\u003eRomulus and Remus\u003c\/strong\u003e, an ode to the foundational myth of the city.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs the story goes, Romulus and Remus were twin brothers born to the vestal virgin Rhea Silvia and the god Mars. As pawns in a royal power struggle, they were abandoned as infants and raised by a she-wolf in the wilderness. Upon discovering their royal heritage, they decided to build a city but disagreed on its location. This dispute escalated into a violent confrontation, resulting in Romulus killing Remus. Romulus then founded Rome in 753 BCE, becoming its first king and establishing a legacy that would shape Western civilization.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":44939680383260,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-URBS","price":64.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553813332252,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-URBS-NO","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/products\/UrbsRoma.jpg?v=1743105132"},{"product_id":"ecuador-manteno-ceramic-bead-pre-colombian-c-850-to-1600-ce-south-america","title":"Ecuador, Manteño Ceramic Bead (Pre-Colombian) - c. 850 to 1600 CE - South America","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThese ceramic beads, featuring detailed hand-carved designs, come from a culture known as the Manteño to the Spanish colonizers. Their true name has unfortunately been lost to time, as the Manteño did not have a written language and most of what we know about them comes from Spanish sources.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe Manteño culture flourished along the Ecuadorian coast from about 850 to 1600 CE, and was best known for its impressive maritime trade network. Their society traded and produced a variety of valuable goods, including intricately designed ceramic vessels and figurines depicting humans, animals, and geometric patterns.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eHowever, their achievements went beyond trade and craftsmanship. The Manteño demonstrated advanced agricultural practices and resource management by constructing human-made earthen drainage basins called \u003c\/span\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003ealbarradas\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003e. These structures cleverly distributed water to support their thriving communities. They also set up specialized settlements focused on specific trades, showcasing their complex social organization and division of labor. These accomplishments highlight their adaptability and innovation, which played a vital role in maintaining their prosperous society.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEven with the disruption caused by the Spanish conquest, the Manteño culture's remarkable craftsmanship and diverse artifacts stand as a testament to their sophisticated social hierarchy, ensuring their legacy endures for generations to come.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFrom around 1975 to 2010, these beads were part of the Swedish collection of Leif Sjöberg. Subsequently, several private individuals owned them before they were eventually acquired by History Hoard.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Large (0.45 - 0.6 inches wide) \/ Humans \u0026 Animals","offer_id":45018964295964,"sku":"AC-MANTENO-AML-LG","price":54.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Large (0.45 - 0.6 inches wide) \/ Geometric Patterns","offer_id":45018975109404,"sku":"AC-MANTENO-GEO-LG","price":54.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Small (0.3 - 0.4 inches wide) \/ Humans \u0026 Animals","offer_id":45018975142172,"sku":"AC-MANTENO-AML-SM","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Small (0.3 - 0.4 inches wide) \/ Geometric Patterns","offer_id":45018975174940,"sku":"AC-MANTENO-GEO-SM","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Large (0.45 - 0.6 inches wide) \/ Humans \u0026 Animals","offer_id":51553812906268,"sku":"AC-MANTENO-AML-LG-NO","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Large (0.45 - 0.6 inches wide) \/ Geometric Patterns","offer_id":51553812939036,"sku":"AC-MANTENO-GEO-LG-NO","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Small (0.3 - 0.4 inches wide) \/ Humans \u0026 Animals","offer_id":51553812971804,"sku":"AC-MANTENO-AML-SM-NO","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Small (0.3 - 0.4 inches wide) \/ Geometric Patterns","offer_id":51553813004572,"sku":"AC-MANTENO-GEO-SM-NO","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Mantenobeadinbox.jpg?v=1743105126"},{"product_id":"roman-silver-antoninianus-third-century-c-200-to-300-ce-roman-empire","title":"Rome, Early 3rd Cent. Antoninianus (30% silver) - c. 215 to 300 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e These Roman coins are called \u003cstrong\u003eantoniniani\u003c\/strong\u003e (singular: antoninianus) by modern scholars, although their true name in ancient times is not known. \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThey were introduced by Emperor Caracalla in 215 CE as a higher value replacement for the denarius, despite the fact that their silver purity was much lower, and because of this an antoninianus is sometimes called a \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003edouble denarius\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf course, lowering the silver content of currency, a process called \u003cstrong\u003edebasement\u003c\/strong\u003e, was not without consequence in ancient Rome. It quickly led to runaway inflation, leading the Roman government to produce even more coins with even less silver to compensate. Although the Roman antoninianus was originally minted at about 40% purity, by the 270s the coins were less than 5% silver and almost entirely made from bronze.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis was a contributing factor to the Crisis of the Third Century, a tumultuous period spanning from 235 to 284 CE that almost caused the collapse of the Roman Empire. In addition to a failing economy, the empire grappled with internal political strife, military coups, and relentless invasions from external forces. By 268 CE Rome had split into three separate states: the Gallic Empire in the west, the Palmyrene Empire in the east, and the Roman Empire proper. Chaos erupted as at least 26 different claimants to the title of emperor emerged, only ending in 284 when Diocletian reasserted the power of Rome's central government.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe coins on this listing were all issued during the mid-3rd century, when silver purity was still about 20 to 40 percent.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":45161832939804,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3RD","price":54.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553812775196,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3RD-NO","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/3cantoninianus_ef12aee5-dd72-419d-8294-c6de7f2fd5d8.jpg?v=1743105123"},{"product_id":"rome-late-3rd-cent-antoninianus-c-268-to-300-ce-roman-empire","title":"Rome, Late 3rd Cent. Antoninianus (5% silver) - c. 268 to 300 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e These Roman coins are called \u003cstrong\u003eantoniniani\u003c\/strong\u003e (singular: antoninianus) by modern scholars, although their true name in ancient times is not known. They were introduced by Emperor Caracalla in 215 CE as a higher value replacement for the denarius, despite the fact that their silver purity was much lower, and because of this an antoninianus is sometimes called a \u003cstrong\u003edouble denarius\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOf course, lowering the silver content of currency, a process called \u003cstrong\u003edebasement\u003c\/strong\u003e, was not without consequence in ancient Rome. It quickly led to runaway inflation, leading the Roman government to produce even more coins with even less silver to compensate. Although the Roman antoninianus was originally minted at about 40% purity, by the 270s the coins were less than 5% silver and almost entirely made from bronze.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis was a contributing factor to the Crisis of the Third Century, a tumultuous period spanning from 235 to 284 CE that almost caused the collapse of the Roman Empire. In addition to a failing economy, the empire grappled with internal political strife, military coups, and relentless invasions from external forces. By 268 CE Rome had split into three separate states: the Gallic Empire in the west, the Palmyrene Empire in the east, and the Roman Empire proper. Chaos erupted as at least 26 different claimants to the title of emperor emerged, only ending in 284 when Diocletian reasserted the power of Rome's central government.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe coins on this listing were all issued during the late 3rd century, when silver purity had dropped to around 5% or below.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Random","offer_id":47538915246364,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-RAND","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Tetricus I (271 - 274 CE)","offer_id":45505174569244,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-TETONE","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Tetricus II (273 - 274 CE)","offer_id":47538915279132,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-TETTWO","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Victorinus (269 - 271 CE)","offer_id":47538915311900,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-VICTOR","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Postumus (260 - 269 CE)","offer_id":47538915344668,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-POSTUM","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Gallienus (253 - 268 CE)","offer_id":47538915410204,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-GALLIE","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Claudius Gothicus (268 - 270 CE)","offer_id":47538915442972,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-CLGOTH","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Random","offer_id":51553811333404,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-RAND-NO","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Tetricus I (271 - 274 CE)","offer_id":51553811366172,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-TETONE-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Tetricus II (273 - 274 CE)","offer_id":51553811398940,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-TETTWO-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Victorinus (269 - 271 CE)","offer_id":51553811431708,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-VICTOR-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Postumus (260 - 269 CE)","offer_id":51553811464476,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-POSTUM-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Gallienus (253 - 268 CE)","offer_id":51553811497244,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-GALLIE-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Claudius Gothicus (268 - 270 CE)","offer_id":51553811530012,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-3C-LATE-CLGOTH-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Late3cAntoninianusBlackbg.jpg?v=1743105104"},{"product_id":"the-decline-of-roman-silver-three-coin-collection-c-193-to-300-ce-roman-empire","title":"The Decline of Roman Silver, Three Coin Collection - c. 193 to 300 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e This set of three coins shows the declining silver purity of Roman currency during the 3rd century CE. The coins included and their silver contents are described below:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDenarius\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e: \u003c\/strong\u003ecirca 138 - 238 CE, about 50% purity\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eEarly antoninianus:\u003c\/strong\u003e circa 238 - 268 CE, about 30% purity\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eLater antoninianus:\u003c\/strong\u003e circa 268 - 300 CE, less than 5% purity\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter promising to increase the Roman army's pay, Emperor Caracalla faced the need to create more currency. However, to make more of the existing silver coinage like the denarius, the empire would have to use more silver than it had access to. So Caracalla made a bold choice: he created a coin worth two denarii, called the \u003cstrong\u003eantoninianus\u003c\/strong\u003e, but lowered the silver purity to only include 1.5 denarii worth of silver in each coin.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnfortunately for Caracalla, \u003cstrong\u003edebasing\u003c\/strong\u003e the silver content of currency was not without consequence in ancient Rome. It quickly led to runaway inflation, leading the Roman government to produce even more coins with even less silver to compensate. Although the Roman antoninianus was originally minted at about 40% purity, by the 270s the coins were less than 5% silver and almost entirely made from bronze.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis was a contributing factor to the Crisis of the Third Century, a tumultuous period spanning from 235 to 284 CE that almost caused the collapse of the Roman Empire. In addition to a failing economy, the empire grappled with internal political strife, military coups, and relentless invasions from external forces. By 268 CE Rome had split into three separate states: the Gallic Empire in the west, the Palmyrene Empire in the east, and the Roman Empire proper. Chaos erupted as at least 26 different claimants to the title of emperor emerged, only ending in 284 when Diocletian reasserted the power of Rome's central government.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":45505209073948,"sku":"COL-ROM-SILVER","price":139.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553811202332,"sku":"COL-ROM-SILVER-NO","price":124.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Romedecliningsilverswitchcoin.jpg?v=1743105102"},{"product_id":"roman-bronze-nummus-constantinian-dynasty-c-306-to-361-ce-roman-empire","title":"Roman Bronze Nummus, Constantine the Great \u0026 Sons - c. 306 to 361 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThese high grade Roman bronzes of Constantine the Great and his sons are an excellent way to connect with the rich history of the Roman Empire. A portrait of your chosen emperor will be on the obverse side, while the reverse will show various gods, goddesses, and allegorical figures. Our coins were struck under the reign of \u003cstrong\u003eConstantine the Great (c. 272 to 337 CE)\u003c\/strong\u003e and his sons, \u003cstrong\u003eConstantine II\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eConstantius II\u003c\/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003eConstans\u003c\/strong\u003e, who inherited the throne after their father’s death. Each ruled over different portions of the empire.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThese coins were used for everyday transactions, like paying soldiers and taxes, and are a unique way to own a piece of ancient history. Each coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e and has been professionally cleaned and conserved.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eWhat is a \u003cem\u003enummus\u003c\/em\u003e?\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe Roman nummus was a small bronze coin that was widely used during the empire's later years. Introduced in the 4th century AD, it was made of a copper-based alloy and was created to address the shortage of gold and silver in the empire. The nummus became the most common coin used for everyday transactions and for paying soldiers and taxes. Despite their small denomination, the coins played a significant role in the empire's economy and they are considered valuable pieces of Roman numismatics.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eWho was Constantine the Great?\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eConstantine I (dubbed \"the Great\") was a Roman emperor who ruled from 306 CE to 337 CE. He is known for his major accomplishments such as the Edict of Milan, which granted religious tolerance to Christians, the Council of Nicaea, where he established a unified doctrine for Christianity, and the construction of monumental structures like the Hagia Sophia. He died in 337 AD and was succeeded by his three sons, Constantine II who ruled over the western Roman Empire, Constantius II who ruled over the East, and Constans who ruled over Italy and Africa.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Random \/ Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":46203343503644,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-RAND","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Random \/ No display - just the coin certificate and info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":46203343536412,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-RAND-NO","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Constans (337 - 350 AD) \/ Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":46203343569180,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTANS","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Constans (337 - 350 AD) \/ No display - just the coin certificate and info card","offer_id":46203343601948,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTANS-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Constantius II (337 - 361 AD) \/ Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":46203343634716,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTIUS2","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Constantius II (337 - 361 AD) \/ No display - just the coin certificate and info card","offer_id":46203343667484,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTIUS2-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Constantine II (337 - 340 AD) \/ Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":46203343700252,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTINE2","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Constantine II (337 - 340 AD) \/ No display - just the coin certificate and info card","offer_id":46203343733020,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTINE2-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Constantine I \"the Great\" (306 - 337 AD) \/ Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":46203343765788,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTINE1","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Constantine I \"the Great\" (306 - 337 AD) \/ No display - just the coin certificate and info card","offer_id":46203343798556,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CTINE1-NO","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Constantineinbox.jpg?v=1743105076"},{"product_id":"constantine-and-his-sons-four-coin-collection-c-306-to-361-ce-roman-empire","title":"Constantine and His Sons, Four Coin Collection - c. 306 to 361 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eExperience the rich history of ancient Rome with our selection of authentic \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e~1,800 year old \u003c\/span\u003eRoman nummi. A portrait of your chosen emperor will be on the obverse side, while the reverse will show various gods, goddesses, and allegorical figures. Our coins were struck under the reign of \u003cstrong\u003eConstantine the Great (c. 272 to 337 CE)\u003c\/strong\u003e and his sons, \u003cstrong\u003eConstantine II\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eConstantius II\u003c\/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003eConstans\u003c\/strong\u003e, who inherited the throne after their father’s death. Each ruled over different portions of the empire.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThese coins were used for everyday transactions, like paying soldiers and taxes, and are a unique way to own a piece of ancient history. Each coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e and has been professionally cleaned and conserved.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eWhat is a \u003cem\u003enummus\u003c\/em\u003e?\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe Roman nummus was a small bronze coin that was widely used during the empire's later years. Introduced in the 4th century AD, it was made of a copper-based alloy and was created to address the shortage of gold and silver in the empire. The nummus became the most common coin used for everyday transactions and for paying soldiers and taxes. Despite their small denomination, the coins played a significant role in the empire's economy and they are considered valuable pieces of Roman numismatics.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eWho was Constantine the Great?\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eConstantine I (dubbed \"the Great\") was a Roman emperor who ruled from 306 CE to 337 CE. He is known for his major accomplishments such as the Edict of Milan, which granted religious tolerance to Christians, the Council of Nicaea, where he established a unified doctrine for Christianity, and the construction of monumental structures like the Hagia Sophia. He died in 337 AD and was succeeded by his three sons, Constantine II who ruled over the western Roman Empire, Constantius II who ruled over the East, and Constans who ruled over Italy and Africa.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":46204269199644,"sku":"COL-AC-ROM-B-CTINE","price":144.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553809105180,"sku":"COL-AC-ROM-B-CTINE-NO","price":124.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/ConstantineCollectioninboxbooks_4a019e95-1cb6-49a7-891c-512ca287ab40.jpg?v=1743105074"},{"product_id":"tabaristan-silver-half-drachm-abbasid-caliphate-c-734-to-803-ce-northern-iran","title":"Tabaristan, Silver Half Drachm (Abbasid Caliphate) - c. 734 to 803 CE - Northern Iran","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e These sliver half drachms were minted in Tabaristan, a mountainous region nestled between the Alborz mountains and the Caspian Sea in northern Iran. The area was a self governing territory under the Islamic \u003cstrong\u003eAbbasid Caliphate\u003c\/strong\u003e at the time, though the coins have heavy influence from the\u003cstrong\u003e Sasanian Empire\u003c\/strong\u003e which followed Zoroastrianism. The obverse of these coins is styled to look like the Sasanian king Khosrow II, while the reverse shows a Zoroastrian fire altar.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTabaristan was named after the Tapurians, who were relocated from Parthia by Phraates I. Under Sasanian rule, which began in the early 3rd century CE, the region enjoyed political autonomy.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe fall of the Sasanian empire in 651 marked the beginning of Islamic control over most regions. However, Tabaristan stood as an exception. The region fiercely maintained its independence, with Zoroastrian houses leading a guerilla resistance against Islamic forces. This resistance ensured that Tabaristan remained a Zoroastrian stronghold well into the 12th century, a unique feat considering the widespread Islamic influence in neighboring regions.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eAnother remarkable aspect of Tabaristan is its linguistic heritage. Unlike many regions that saw a fusion of languages due to invasions and migrations, Tabaristan's language remained untouched by external influences such as Arabic, Tatar, or Mongolian. This preservation can be attributed to the region's natural barriers. The dense forests, swamps, and the formidable Alborz mountain range made it a challenging terrain for invading armies, allowing Tabaristan to safeguard its cultural and linguistic identity.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":46514172395804,"sku":"MR-TABAR-DHM","price":69.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553808843036,"sku":"MR-TABAR-DHM-NO","price":54.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Tabaristandrachminbox.jpg?v=1743105069"},{"product_id":"ancient-celtic-collection-four-pieces-of-currency-c-800-to-31-bce-europe","title":"Ancient Celtic Collection, Four Pieces of Currency - c. 800 to 31 BCE - Europe","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThis collection of four ancient Celtic artifacts includes a silver quinarius, a bronze Celtic imitation of a Greek coin, and two different sizes of Celtic bronze ring money. The quinarius come from Gaul, a region in Western Europe, while the bronze coin and rings come from the Danube River region around modern day Hungary.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\" data-mce-style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eEach coin comes with a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e and has been professionally cleaned and conserved.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCeltic Quinarius:\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese silver coins would have circulated during the Gallic Wars, a war waged by the Roman general Julius Caesar against the nomadic groups inhabiting Gaul, an ancient region consisting of present-day France, Belgium, and parts of the United Kingdom and Germany. Roman forces invaded Gaul in order to expand their territory, and the Celts and other tribes in the area ultimately fell under Roman rule when it became a Roman province in 27 BCE.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe design of these coins imitated Roman coinage, as many other early Celtic coins did. As such, it features the helmeted head of the female deity Roma (a personification of the city of Rome) on the obverse and a horse on the reverse.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCeltic Imitative Coin:\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese unique bronze coins were struck by Celts but based heavily on a Greek design—specifically, coins of the ancient Macedonian king Philip V or his son Perseus.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDue to the widespread influence of Greek culture in the ancient world, many societies took inspiration from or even outright copied Greek currency when designing their own money. However, it's important to note that these imitative coins were not made by the Celts to fool Macedonian merchants, but rather for circulation within Celtic society itself.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe coins date back to the 2nd to 1st century BCE, featuring the head of the river god Strymon on the obverse and a trident with Greek-like lettering on the reverse.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCeltic Rings:\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese Celtic rings were made from formed bronze over 2,000 years ago, although their purpose in ancient times is disputed. They were almost certainly used as saddle or garment fittings, but it's highly likely that they were a form of proto-money as well. The rings seem to follow standard sizes, and have been found in large hoards similar to coins.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":46633778708764,"sku":"COL-CELT","price":204.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553808744732,"sku":"COL-CELT-NO","price":189.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Celticcollectioninbox.jpg?v=1743105067"},{"product_id":"qin-to-han-dynasty-ban-liang-221-to-180-bce-china","title":"Qin to Han Dynasty, Ban Liang - 221 to 180 BCE - Ancient China","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese Ban Liang coins were the first unified currency of Imperial China, a system introduced by China’s first emperor Qin Shi Huang around 210 BCE. Drawing from an earlier design first produced during the Warring States period, Ban Liang were produced until the early Western Han dynasty, when they were eventually replaced with the equally iconic Wu Zhu coins.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe name \"Ban Liang\" translates to \"Half-Ounce,\" reflecting its weight and value in the ancient monetary system. This denomination was not just a mere representation of value but also a testament to the emperor's vision of standardizing weights, measures, and currency across his realm. The Qin economy, which had started its journey towards monetization in the mid-fourth century, saw various bronze coins in circulation. By 210 BCE, the first emperor amplified the issuance of these \"half-ounce\" coins, further solidifying their place in the economic landscape. Interestingly, the Qin also employed standard-sized bolts of cloth as an exchange medium, where a single length of cloth equated to eleven of these coins.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll items include a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":47179057955100,"sku":"AC-CHINA-BAN-LIANG","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553807499548,"sku":"AC-CHINA-BAN-LIANG-NO","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/BanLiang.png?v=1743105044"},{"product_id":"constantinopolis-coin-city-of-constantinople-c-330-to-348-ce-roman-empire","title":"Constantinopolis Coin, City of Constantinople - c. 330 to 348 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSee also: \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.historyhoard.com\/products\/roman-capital-cities-collection-c-330-to-348-ce-roman-empire\"\u003eRoman Capital Cities Collection\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eThese Constantinopolis commemorative coins, released under Emperor Constantine the Great, were issued to mark the relocation of the Roman Empire's capital from Rome to Constantinople.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eIn 324 CE, after reuniting the two halves of the Roman Empire, Constantine declared the city of Byzantium to be its new capital, initially calling it \"Nova Roma\" after the original capital city. Though it was situated in modern day Turkey, far from the city of Rome, this new capital was strategically selected for its political and economic advantages.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eOn May 11th, 330 CE, the city was renamed \"Constantinople\" \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ein honor of the emperor. To commemorate this event, two distinct coin types were minted: one celebrating the new capital of Constantinople and the other celebrating old Rome.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe obverse of these coins features portraits of the personified versions of the cities, known as Constantinopolis and Roma. They were used to represent the strength and power of the cities themselves, much like how Lady Liberty or Uncle Sam are used to represent the United States\u003c\/span\u003e. The reverse side of the Urbs Roma depicted the legendary founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus, being nursed by a she-wolf, honoring the city's mythical origins. Conversely, the Constantinopolis coins showcased the goddess Victory, symbolizing a hopeful and triumphant future for the new capital.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eThis celebration of past and future was a powerful propaganda move, through which Constantine sought to emphasize the continuity of the Roman Empire and its rich cultural heritage, despite the shift in political power to a new capital.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":47270557352220,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CNPL","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553807204636,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-CNPL-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Constantinopolis.png?v=1743105036"},{"product_id":"roman-capital-cities-collection-c-330-to-348-ce-roman-empire","title":"Roman Capital Cities Collection - c. 330 to 348 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eThese commemorative coins, released under Emperor Constantine the Great, were issued to mark the relocation of the Roman Empire's capital from Rome to Constantinople.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eIn 324 CE, after reuniting the two halves of the Roman Empire, Constantine declared the city of Byzantium to be its new capital, initially calling it \"Nova Roma\" after the original capital city. Though it was situated in modern day Turkey, far from the city of Rome, this new capital was strategically selected for its political and economic advantages.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eOn May 11th, 330 CE, the city was renamed \"Constantinople\" \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003ein honor of the emperor. To commemorate this event, two distinct coin types were minted: one celebrating the new capital of Constantinople and the other celebrating old Rome.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThe obverse of these coins features portraits of the personified versions of the cities, known as Constantinopolis and Roma. They were used to represent the strength and power of the cities themselves, much like how Lady Liberty or Uncle Sam are used to represent the United States\u003c\/span\u003e. The reverse side of the Urbs Roma depicted the legendary founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus, being nursed by a she-wolf, honoring the city's mythical origins. Conversely, the Constantinopolis coins showcased the goddess Victory, symbolizing a hopeful and triumphant future for the new capital.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003eThis celebration of past and future was a powerful propaganda move, through which Constantine sought to emphasize the continuity of the Roman Empire and its rich cultural heritage, despite the shift in political power to a new capital.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":47275939365148,"sku":"COL-ROM-CAPITALS","price":79.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553807040796,"sku":"COL-ROM-CAPITALS-NO","price":64.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Romancapitalcollection.png?v=1743105033"},{"product_id":"late-roman-bronze-coin-portraits-18-x-24-inch-poster","title":"Late Roman Bronze Coin Portraits, 18 x 24 Inch Poster","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoster measures 18 inches tall and 24 inches wide (61 x 46 cm).\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is a poster version of our late Roman coin identification kit, which can be \u003ca href=\"https:\/\/www.historyhoard.com\/products\/identify-your-own-late-roma-bronze-coin-c-284-to-491-roman-empire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\u003efound here\u003c\/a\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe chart covers the time period between the reign of Emperor Diocletian and the fall of the Western Roman Empire, approximately the 4th and 5th century CE. It includes the most common portrait of every person who appeared on bronze coins during this period, as well as the first year of their reigns and how their names would be spelled on coins.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese posters will be shipped rolled in a mailing tube, to reduce the shipping costs paid by our customers.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":47301283184924,"sku":"POSTER-ROM-LATE-BR-18X24","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/RomanImperialBronzesThumbnail_1.png?v=1700695116"},{"product_id":"identify-your-own-late-roma-bronze-coin-c-284-to-491-roman-empire","title":"Identify Your Own Late Roman Bronze Coin - c. 284 to 491 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncludes: One late Roman bronze coin (c. 4th or 5th century CE), magnifying lens, blank attribution card, and coin identification guide with Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIdentify your own Roman coin with the help of this guide by History Hoard! It includes \u003cstrong\u003eone Roman bronze coin minted under a random ruler\u003c\/strong\u003e between the reign of Emperor Diocletian and the fall of the Western Roman Empire. \u003cspan class=\"OYPEnA text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eThis period marks the \"late\" phase of Roman bronzes, a stylistic shift initiated by Diocletian's monetary reforms.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"OYPEnA text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA quick disclaimer: identifying Roman coins can be challenging, and a short guide like this may not be enough to definitively attribute a coin to a certain emperor\u003c\/strong\u003e. However, we have also included a list of free online resources that professionals use to identify coins, which can be used for further research as needed.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe four page guide illustrates the most commonly seen portrait of each emperor, with examples of how their names would be spelled on their coins. A list of designs often seen on the reverse sides of bronze coins is also included.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe text on the coin (called the legend) can be difficult to read, and you can use the magnifier in this set to assist you. We've also divided our coins into three difficulty levels—\u003cstrong\u003eeasy\u003c\/strong\u003e, with about 75% of the legend visible, \u003cstrong\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eaverage\u003c\/strong\u003e, with about 50% of the legend visible, and \u003cstrong\u003ehard\u003c\/strong\u003e, with about 25% of the legend visible. The legend is the easiest way to identify a coin, as portraits can look very similar between emperors.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Average - about 50% of text visible ($24.99) \/ Yes - Include the guide booklet","offer_id":47301722374428,"sku":"COINID-ROM-B-AVG","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Average - about 50% of text visible ($24.99) \/ No - only include the coin ($10.00 off)","offer_id":48160373178652,"sku":"COINID-ROM-B-AVG-NO","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Easy - about 75% of text visible ($29.99) \/ Yes - Include the guide booklet","offer_id":47301722407196,"sku":"COINID-ROM-B-EASY","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Easy - about 75% of text visible ($29.99) \/ No - only include the coin ($10.00 off)","offer_id":48160373342492,"sku":"COINID-ROM-B-EASY-NO","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Hard - about 25% of text visible ($19.99) \/ Yes - Include the guide booklet","offer_id":47301722439964,"sku":"COINID-ROM-B-HARD","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Hard - about 25% of text visible ($19.99) \/ No - only include the coin ($10.00 off)","offer_id":48160373375260,"sku":"COINID-ROM-B-HARD-NO","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Three Coins - Easy Average \u0026 Hard ($39.99) \/ Yes - Include the guide booklet","offer_id":50299321286940,"sku":"COINID-ROM-B-ALLTHREE","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Three Coins - Easy Average \u0026 Hard ($39.99) \/ No - only include the coin ($10.00 off)","offer_id":50299321778460,"sku":"COINID-ROM-B-ALLTHREE-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/PhotoRoom-20231122-153127-01_2_c866c3dc-dd5e-442e-aec8-72de3a9ecb1d.jpg?v=1700756622"},{"product_id":"rome-sol-invictus-sun-god-coin-c-309-to-319-ce-roman-empire-1","title":"Rome, Sol Invictus (Sun God) Coin - c. 309 to 319 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese bronze coins feature Sol Invictus, an ancient Roman sun god with ties to the evolution of early Christianity. They were minted under Constantine the Great from 309 to 319 CE, though this design was used by both previous and future emperors.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe worship of Sol Invictus had a heavy influence on the celebration of Christmas. \u003cspan\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe main festival dedicated to Sol Invictus was known as the \u003cem\u003e\u003ci lang=\"la\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eDies Natalis Solis Invicti\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/em\u003e, or \"birthday of the invincible sun,\" which was celebrated on the 25th of December. This date would later be later recognized as the birth of Jesus Christ in Christianity, to help make the empire's transition to Christianity easier. Early Christian practices and beliefs about the Nativity of Jesus intersected and diverged from pagan solar worship and festivals, eventually morphing into a holiday with traits from both religions.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSol Invictus, or \"the Unconquerable Sun,\" was a later iteration of an earlier sun god, Sol. His worship was revived by Emperor Aurelian in 274 AD, who made him the chief god of the empire. He is often depicted driving a chariot through the sky, and wearing a sun crown symbolizing rays of light—this would later become one of the inspirations behind halos in Christian art.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSol Invictus would remain prominent in Rome until the conversion of Constantine the Great to Christianity in 312 CE. However, coins bearing his name would continue to be minted for a few years after this, and worship of Sol Invictus continued until at least the fifth century.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach coin features a portrait of Constantine I on the obverse side, and Sol Invictus on the reverse. The image of Sol Invictus will be mostly clear and complete on every coin.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIncludes a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":47380691583260,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-SOL-INV","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553806713116,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-SOL-INV-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/SolInvictus.jpg?v=1743105027"},{"product_id":"the-division-of-rome-three-coin-collection-c-379-to-423-ce-eastern-western-rome","title":"The Division of Rome, Three Coin Collection - c. 379 to 423 CE - Eastern \u0026 Western Rome","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection includes three Roman bronze coins, known as maiorinas, and were minted under three emperors during the final division of the empire into Eastern and Western halves:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003eTheodosius I (the Great):\u003c\/span\u003e The last emperor to rule over the entire empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003eHonorius:\u003c\/span\u003e Son of Theodosius I, and the first emperor of the Western Roman Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"\u003eArcadius:\u003c\/span\u003e Son of Theodosius I, and the first emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThough the Roman Empire had already been split and reunited many times before, Theodosius I was the last emperor to rule it in its entirety. In 395 CE, following Theodosius' death, Rome once again separated into two distinct entities: the Western Roman Empire, governed from the city of Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire, with Constantinople as its capital. The sprawling empire had become hard to defend and govern from any one city, as it stretched from the British Isles to the Middle East.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTheodosius' sons, Honorius and Arcadius, would inherit these separate territories. Honorius, ruling the Western Empire, faced relentless invasions by Germanic tribes. This would lead to the sacking of Rome in 410 CE, a shocking event symbolizing the Western Empire's vulnerability. In contrast, Arcadius' Eastern Roman Empire, the precursor to the Byzantine Empire, maintained relative stability and continuity, preserving much of Roman and Hellenistic traditions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnder Honorius, the Western Roman Empire experienced a steady decline, marked by internal strife and external pressures, culminating in its eventual fall in the late 5th century. Arcadius' reign in the East, while more stable, was characterized by political intrigue and the increasing influence of powerful court officials and the military.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe coins in this collection come from both sides of this transitionary period of Roman history. Though larger bronze coins from this era are often called maiorinas in modern times, it's not known what the original ancient Roman name for these coins would have been. Each coin is about 20mm in diameter and features the portrait of the emperor on the obverse.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":47542698377500,"sku":"COL-ROM-DIVISION","price":84.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553806516508,"sku":"COL-ROM-DIVISION-NO","price":64.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Divisionofromebookshelfsquare2.png?v=1743105023"},{"product_id":"theodosius-i-last-ruler-of-a-united-rome-c-215-to-300-ce-roman-empire","title":"Theodosius I, Last Ruler of a United Rome - c. 379 to 395 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese Roman bronze coins, called maiorinas by modern numismatists, were minted under Theodosius I, also known as \u003cstrong\u003eTheodosius the Great\u003c\/strong\u003e. He was the last emperor to rule over a united Roman Empire before its final division into East and West.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003eThough Theodosius I was the last to rule Rome in its entirety, it had already been split and reunited multiple times in the past. The sprawling empire had become hard to defend and govern from any one city, as it stretched from the British Isles to the Middle East.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 395 CE, following Theodosius' death, Rome once again separated into two distinct entities: the Western Roman Empire, governed from the city of Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire, with Constantinople as its capital. His sons Honorius and Arcadius would inherit the Western and Eastern Roman Empires, respectively.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eDespite the empire fracturing after his rule, Theodosius still earned the epithet \"the Great.\" This was due to his his significant impact on Rome's religious landscape, as a staunch supporter of Nicene Christianity. He made it the state religion, while suppressing pagan and other Christian practices, and shaped the religious identity of Europe for centuries.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThough larger bronze coins from this era are often called maiorinas in modern times, it's not known what the original ancient Roman name for these coins would have been. Each coin is about 20mm in diameter and features the portrait of the emperor on the obverse.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":47542888825116,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-THEO1","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553806254364,"sku":"AC-ROM-B-THEO1-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/TheodosiusIinboxblackbg.png?v=1743105021"},{"product_id":"himyarite-kingdom-silver-hemidrachm-c-50-to-200-ce-middle-east-yemen","title":"Himyarite Kingdom, Silver Hemidrachm - c. 50 to 200 CE - Yemen, Middle East","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003eThese cup shaped silver coins come from the \u003cstrong\u003eHimyarite Kingdom\u003c\/strong\u003e, an ancient Middle Eastern state whose territory encompassed Yemen and a small portion of Saudi Arabia.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe denomination of these coins is often called a hemidrachm or a half denarius, based on Greek and Roman silver coins that are a similar size. However, like many types of ancient currency, it is not known what the original Himyarite name for these coins was.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: start;\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Himyarite_Kingdom_1_f8edbcea-f15c-4b52-a0f2-4eb6a9fa97f3_1024x1024.png?v=1705018820\" alt=\"\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e(Map source: \u003ca title=\"Wikimedia link to Himyarite Kingdom map\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Himyarite_Kingdom.png#mw-jump-to-license\"\u003eWikimedia\u003c\/a\u003e)\u003c\/em\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch4\u003eWho were the Himyarites?\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/h4\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Himyarite Kingdom was located in a region known as \u003cstrong\u003eArabia Felix\u003c\/strong\u003e in ancient geography, a Latin name that translates to “Happy” or “Flourishing Arabia.” Described as one of the “richest nations in the world” by Roman author \u003cstrong\u003ePliny the Elder\u003c\/strong\u003e, the kingdom was an international trade hub that connected the Mediterranean to the Middle East and India.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt also produced much of the Roman Empire’s frankincense and myrrh, which are fragrant tree resins that were highly prized in the ancient world for their religious and medicinal uses.\u003cbr data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"quote-box\"\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\"...they are the richest nations in the world, seeing that such vast wealth flows in upon them from both the Roman and the Parthian Empires; for they sell the produce of the sea or of their forests, while they purchase nothing whatever in return.\"\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e- \u003cstrong\u003ePliny the Elder\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cem\u003eThe Natural History\u003c\/em\u003e, describing Arabia in the 1st century CE\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLike many ancient kingdoms, Himyarite coinage is inspired by Greco-Roman designs. These hemidrachms in particular show a male head on both sides, presumably that of a king or a god, though its identity has not been proven. His hair is braided into ringlets and the portraits are rather abstract: if they do depict kings, there is not much variation between rulers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe head on the reverse is surrounded by a legend written in the Himyaritic language, which was related to Arabic and Hebrew but fell out of use around the 10th century.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach includes a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":47573104230684,"sku":"AC-HIMYARITE-DHM","price":124.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553806057756,"sku":"AC-HIMYARITE-DHM-NO","price":109.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/himyariteinbox.png?v=1743105019"},{"product_id":"rome-barbarous-vs-official-coinage-collection-c-368-to-300-ce-roman-empire","title":"Barbarous vs. Official Roman Coinage Collection - c. 268 to 300 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis collection includes two versions of a Roman antoninianus—one that was officially minted, and one so called \"barbarous\" issue.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile most unofficially struck Roman coins with design flaws are commonly called \u003cstrong\u003ebarbarous issues\u003c\/strong\u003e, this doesn’t necessarily mean that they were all created by “babarians”—a term that referred to the Germanic tribes living on the periphery of the Roman Empire. Many of them were produced within the empire as well, especially in regions affected by coin shortages.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"text-align: start;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: start;\"\u003e\u003cimg alt=\"Official and barbarous antoninianus of Tetricus I\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/20240118162525_IMG_8029_2-01-PhotoRoom_2_2048x2048.png?v=1705698632\" style=\"float: none;\"\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\" data-mce-style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eOfficial (left) and \"barbarous\" (right) antoniniani of Tetricus I. Note that the barbarous issue reads \"TETCVS\" instead of \"TETRICVS\"\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese specific type of barbarous coins are called \u003cstrong\u003ebarbarous radiates\u003c\/strong\u003e, a name that comes from the radiate crown included in their portraits. They were primarily struck within the western provinces of the Roman Empire during the Crisis of the Third Century, a period of economic and political turmoil that nearly saw Rome's collapse.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese coins were usually much smaller than official antoniniani, and the designs are abstract and poorly executed. The lettering is often very crudely carved as well, with mistakes being very common.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBarbarous radiates are not considered to be true forgeries, as they often copied the original coins so poorly that they would not have been able to be passed off as official money. Instead, historians theorize that they were meant to be used alongside official coinage, potentially serving as small change.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEach coin comes with a Certificate of Authenticity.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":47621068947740,"sku":"COL-ROM-BARB","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553805762844,"sku":"COL-ROM-BARB-NO","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Barbarouscollectionbookcasebg.png?v=1743105017"},{"product_id":"ancient-scale-weight-romano-byzantine-or-islamic-c-200-to-1000-ce-ancient-middle-east","title":"Ancient Scale Weight – Roman, Byzantine, or Islamic - c. 200 to 1000 CE - Ancient Middle East","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNote: Some of these weights contain lead, which was a common additive during ancient and medieval times.\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese copper, brass, and leaded-copper scale weights date back to the 3rd to 10th century, and originate from the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWeights like these played a crucial role in ancient commerce, allowing people to measure out precise quantities of goods. They also played an administrative role in tax collection and the creation of currency, as coins needed to be struck with a consistent weight. Scale weights were sometimes decorated with lettering, geometric patterns, and religious imagery, though only faint etchings remain on the weights in this group.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe modern day pound in the Imperial system actually descends from the Roman pound (or \u003cem\u003elitra\u003c\/em\u003e), though the vast size of the empire meant that the measurement system of the Romans was not quite as precise as modern day systems. A Roman pound was split into twelve ounces or 72 solidi, the standard weight of a gold coin. The later Byzantine Empire would continue the use of this system into medieval times.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs this collection was likely amassed from multiple sources and dates back to a wide time span, the cultural origin of these weights may be \u003cstrong\u003eRoman\u003c\/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eByzantine\u003c\/strong\u003e, or \u003cstrong\u003eearly Islamic\u003c\/strong\u003e. The group originates from the collection of Joel Malter (1931-2006), a prominent numismatist and dealer of antiquities. It was then acquired by a private collector in Charlottesville, North Carolina around 2004, and later purchased by History Hoard at auction.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"_04xlpA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan class=\"JsGRdQ\"\u003eAll purchases include a Certificate of Authenticity. You will receive the exact item in this photo, along with a glass top leatherette display box.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Small (2 to 7 grams)","offer_id":47818575642908,"sku":"AC-SCALE-WT-SM","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Medium (8 to 15 grams)","offer_id":47818950082844,"sku":"AC-SCALE-WT-MD","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Large (16 to 30 grams)","offer_id":47818950115612,"sku":"AC-SCALE-WT-LG","price":54.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Small (2 to 7 grams)","offer_id":51553802780956,"sku":"AC-SCALE-WT-SM-NO","price":14.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Medium (8 to 15 grams)","offer_id":51553802813724,"sku":"AC-SCALE-WT-MD-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Large (16 to 30 grams)","offer_id":51553802879260,"sku":"AC-SCALE-WT-LG-NO","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Ancientscaleweightblackbg.png?v=1743105002"},{"product_id":"celt-iberian-bronze-coin-punic-wars-to-roman-era-c-2nd-to-1st-century-bc-ancient-spain","title":"Celtiberian Bronze Coin, Punic Wars to Roman Era - c. 2nd to 1st century BCE - Ancient Spain","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThese bronze coins were produced by the \u003cstrong\u003eCeltiberian\u003c\/strong\u003e tribes of ancient pre-Roman Spain. Though precise dating is difficult with Celtiberian currency, the coins would have been struck during the 2nd to 1st centuries BCE—around the time of the Punic Wars, and ending after the Roman Empire annexed the region.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eA variety of different symbols and designs adorn these coins, with common elements being bulls, fish, ears of grain, sphinxes, and an unknown person on horseback known as the \"Iberian rider.\" Though Celt-Iberian coins are almost always found in a worn state, enough details are usually present to identify the design.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWho were the Celtiberians?\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThere is much dispute as to which tribes made up the Celtiberians, a term that refers to multiple cultures, indigenous Iberian tribes, and Celtic migrants. These groups had no central government, but shared a unified Celtiberian language with a range of dialects and the use of the Iberian Alphabet. By the 5th century BCE, the Celtiberians had established their own distinctive culture from the Celts of Central Europe, developing their own art and pottery.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Punic Wars: Rome Versus Carthage\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eThe Punic Wars (264 - 146 BCE) was a 43 year period of active conflict between Rome and Carthage, as both powers sought to expand their territory and influence. Many of its battles were fought on the Iberian peninsula, which forced its inhabitants to take a side.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eA large number of Celtiberians served as mercenaries during the Punic Wars, at first for the Carthaginians and later for the Romans. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eRome would defeat Carthage during the third Punic War, with the Iberians providing critical reinforcement during the conflict. Ultimately, the end of the Punic wars saw the destruction of Carthage and the rise of Rome as the dominant power in the region, and the Celtiberian cultures were eventually absorbed by the Roman Empire.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\" data-mce-style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eEach includes a \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\" data-mce-style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\" data-mce-style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Medium (0.5 to 0.8 inches)","offer_id":48170082009372,"sku":"AC-CELT-IBR-MD","price":27.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Large (0.9 to 1.2 inches)","offer_id":48181681783068,"sku":"AC-CELT-IBR-LG","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Medium (0.5 to 0.8 inches)","offer_id":51553799667996,"sku":"AC-CELT-IBR-MD-NO","price":12.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Large (0.9 to 1.2 inches)","offer_id":51553799700764,"sku":"AC-CELT-IBR-LG-NO","price":19.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/celt-iberianinbox.png?v=1743104988"},{"product_id":"aes-rude-first-roman-currency-c-600-to-400-bce-ancient-italy","title":"Aes Rude, First Roman Currency - c. 600 to 400 BCE - Ancient Italy","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eAes rude (Latin for “rough bronze”) were bronze nuggets used as a proto-currency in ancient Italy. The earliest known pieces of aes rude date back to 8th century BCE, and continued to be used into the late 4th century BCE. Our group of aes rude fragments were found in Central Italy and date back to around the 5th to 4th centuries BCE, approximately the time of the early Roman Republic.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eOriginally, sheep and cattle were generally traded as the main assets of value. However, metal pieces carried significant advantages: they were much smaller, easier to transport, and didn’t spoil. There was no standardization of size and weight for these lumpy bronze units, and pieces needed to be weighed for each transaction. Early Roman laws, such as the lex Aternia Tarpeia, were among the first to allow bronze as payment for fines that were originally to be paid in oxen and sheep.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"\u003eGradually, aes rude evolved into more sophisticated forms of currency. The aes signatum was introduced in the 5th century BCE, which were cast bronze ingots with standardized weights and a government seal. The first Roman coin, known as the aes grave, appeared in 269 BCE.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\" data-mce-style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eEach includes a \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\" data-mce-style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003eCertificate of Authenticity\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\" data-mce-style=\"font-size: 0.875rem;\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Medium (9 to 20 grams)","offer_id":48367597682972,"sku":"AC-ROM-AES-RUDE-M","price":64.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00) \/ Large (over 25 grams)","offer_id":48367597715740,"sku":"AC-ROM-AES-RUDE-L","price":84.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Medium (9 to 20 grams)","offer_id":51553798390044,"sku":"AC-ROM-AES-RUDE-M-NO","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each) \/ Large (over 25 grams)","offer_id":51553798422812,"sku":"AC-ROM-AES-RUDE-L-NO","price":69.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Aesrudeinbox.png?v=1743104983"},{"product_id":"persia-parthian-empire-silver-drachm-247-bce-to-224-ce-middle-east","title":"Persia, Parthian Empire Silver Drachm - 247 BCE to 224 CE - Middle East","description":"\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eParthian Empire \u003c\/strong\u003ecovered most of the Middle East at it's greatest extent, nearly stretching from the Mediterranean to the Indian subcontinent. These silver drachms feature various Parthian kings on the obverse, and typically show an \u003cstrong\u003earcher\u003c\/strong\u003e surrounded by Greek lettering on the reverse.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Parthian Empire was a major political power for nearly 500 years, acting as a center of trade and commerce along the \u003cstrong\u003eSilk Road.\u003c\/strong\u003e The influence of Greek culture still existed in the region long after \u003cstrong\u003eAlexander the Great's \u003c\/strong\u003eMiddle Eastern campaign, but Islam still wouldn't arrive in the region for a few more centuries. The Parthians were frequently at war with their western neighbors, such as the \u003cstrong\u003eSeleucids\u003c\/strong\u003e, the \u003cstrong\u003eScythians\u003c\/strong\u003e, and eventually the \u003cstrong\u003eRoman Empire\u003c\/strong\u003e. However, much of the empire's history is only known through external sources as few Parthian writings survive\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003e—\u003c\/span\u003emaking the study of coins like these all the more useful to understanding the period.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":48478164648220,"sku":"AC-PARTHIA-DHM","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553797734684,"sku":"AC-PARTHIA-DHM-NO","price":34.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Parthiadrachminbox.png?v=1743104981"},{"product_id":"rome-empress-salonina-antoninianus-c-253-to-268-ce-roman-empire","title":"Rome, Emperor Gallienus \u0026 Empress Salonina, Antoniniani - c. 253 to 268 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003eThese two coins were struck under Gallienus and Salonina, who were emperor and empress of the Roman Empire during the third century. The denomination of the coins is known as an antoninianus, which was a type of low grade, debased silver introduced earlier in the century.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRelatively little is known about Salonina, the wife of Emperor Gallienus. Gallienus began his rule jointly with his father Valerian. Valerian realized the empire had become too large to rule by himself, and decided to split the empire with Gallienus ruling the west and Valerian remaining in control of the eastern half. Gallienus’ reign initially found much success in fending off invading forces of German forces as well as Gaul, and his military accomplishments included expanding the role of the cavalry.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIn 260, Valerian was defeated by the Sasanian Empire, leaving control of the entire Roman Empire to Gallienus. Without Valerian, the empire plunged into civil war, plagued with revolts, rebellion, and usurpers, notably, Postumus, who declared his own rule over what is now known as the Gallic Empire. Internal chaos was exacerbated by natural disasters that ran rampant through the Third Century, including plague and volatile weather that led to drought and famine. Despite his tumultuous and contentious reign, Gallienus managed 15 years in office, the longest of any emperor in half a century. While her fate is unclear, many historians believe Salonina was murdered alongside her husband in 268 during the Aureolus revolt.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":48762270187804,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-GAL-SAL","price":64.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553795965212,"sku":"AC-ROM-A-GAL-SAL-NO","price":49.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Saloninagallienus.png?v=1743104967"},{"product_id":"africa-kingdom-of-aksum-king-ezana-c-340-to-425-ce-ethiopia","title":"Africa, Kingdom of Aksum, King Ezana - c. 340 to 425 CE - Ethiopia","description":"\u003cp\u003eThis rare bronze coinage comes from the Kingdom of Aksum (sometimes spelled Axum), located in the region of modern day Ethiopia. Though these specific coins were issued anonymously, meaning they did not bear the name of a specific ruler, they roughly date to within the reign of King Ezana.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe kingdom flourished as a major city along the trade route between Rome and India, a trade route which allowed for growing Greco-Roman cultural influence, notably, the adoption of the Greek language in administration, diplomacy and trade; much of the coinage and inscription on Aksumite currency is written in Greek, although Ge’ez, a spoken Semitic language, remained in use and was made an official state language during the reign of King Ezana.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEzana rose to power in the 4th century, though his ascension to the throne occurred when he was a child and his mother Sofya served as regent until he reached adulthood. Ezana was tutored by Frumentius, a Phoenician Christian missionary who was enslaved by Ousanas, Ezana’s father. Frumentius was freed shortly before Ousanas’ death, but Sofya convinced him to remain in Aksum and tutor the young King before his ascension to power.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDue to Frumentius’ influence, Ezana was the first King to adopt Christianity as a national religion, an act reflected in the cross design replacing earlier designs on coinage. Aksum was one of the first kingdoms to feature the cross on their currency, reflecting their national religion and replacing earlier pagan imagery of a disc and crescent. This strengthened the country’s relationship with other Christian powers of the time. Ezana and his brother, Saizan, have been venerated as Saints by the Catholic Church and Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":48866222375196,"sku":"AC-AKSUM-EZANA","price":134.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553795735836,"sku":"AC-AKSUM-EZANA-NO","price":119.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Aksum_in_box.png?v=1743104965"},{"product_id":"india-kushan-empire-copper-tetradrachm-c-100-to-200-ce-ancient-india","title":"India, Kushan Empire, Copper Tetradrachm - c. 100 to 200 CE - Ancient India","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese heavy copper tetradrachms are from the Kushan Empire, an ancient Indian empire which covered much of modern day Afghanistan, Pakistan, Eastern Iran and Northern India. The coins date from around the reign of Kanishka, and although they are worn, various Kushan deities are visible on both sides.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Kushan Empire was formed from descendants of the Yuezhi, a nomadic people from driven west from their origins in Northern China. During its reign, the Kushan Empire spanned from over Southeast Asia to modern-day Afghanistan and throughout the Indian Subcontinent, giving it an ideal, centralized location along the Silk Road. As a multi-ethnic society that was generally tolerant of different religions, the Kushan empire flourished with strong trade relationships along the Silk Road, notably with the Roman Empire. Kushan Empires were representative of several different faiths, including Zoroastrianism and later Buddhism. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTheir comparably peaceful reign allowed for long distance trading, including bringing Chinese silks to Rome. Their tolerance and syncretic culture is reflective in their currency, which depicts multiple religious entities, including deities and sacred symbols from Greek, Indian, and Iranian cultures. In 225, the empire split into an eastern and western half. The western half was quickly conquered by the Sassanid Empire, while the eastern half eventually fell to Samudragupta of the Gupta Empire somewhere between 335 and 350 BCE.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":49114379288860,"sku":"AC-IND-KUSHAN-TET","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553794720028,"sku":"AC-IND-KUSHAN-TET-NO","price":9.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Kushan_tet_in_box.png?v=1743104958"},{"product_id":"roman-empire-syria-provincial-tetradrachm-with-eagle-reverse-c-193-to-235-ce-roman-provinces","title":"Roman Syria, Provincial Tetradrachm with Eagle - c. 193 to 235 CE - Roman Empire","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese tetradrachms are all issues from Roman Syria, struck from a debased silver alloy known as billon. Each features a facing eagle on the reverse and the portrait of a Severan dynasty emperor on the obverse, described as the seven emperors who ruled between the reigns of Septimius Severus and Severus Alexander.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Roman Empire was a blend of multicultural identities that were united under common rule, with many groups of people living in far flung areas of the empire. To help control its vast territory beyond Italy, Rome divided the empire into provinces with a governor appointed to each. Provincial governors oversaw law enforcement, tax collection and infrastructure within these jurisdictions, which allowed for the maintenance of Roman power and cultural dominance as the empire expanded into other cultural domains.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoman provincial coinage was minted by local civic entities rather than imperial mints, although some coins may have been struck in Rome and sent to the corresponding province. Notably, most provincial coins feature legends written in Greek instead of Latin, reflective of the dominant language of the circulating regions. Among the most important mints for provincial issues was the city of \u003cstrong\u003eAntioch on the Orontes\u003c\/strong\u003e in \u003cstrong\u003eSyria\u003c\/strong\u003e. This mint struck a variety of coin denominations in both silver and bronze, which circulated within the province.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProvincial varieties and local coinage served multiple purposes, including upholding local pride, exercising self-administration and identity, and finally, to bolster profit in the local economy. However, provincial issues commonly lacked “ethnics”—iconography specific to the region—and their designs were likely under imperial control. Roman emperors on provincial coins showcase the position of these cities within the broader context of Roman rule.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":49327569699100,"sku":"AC-ROM-SYR-TET","price":134.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553793868060,"sku":"AC-ROM-SYR-TET-NO","price":119.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Syria_tetradrachm_in_box.png?v=1743104950"},{"product_id":"persia-elymais-large-tetradrachm-c-100-bce-to-200-ce","title":"Persia, Elymais, Large Bronze Tetradrachm - c. 100 BCE to 200 CE - Kingdom of Elymais","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese large denomination tetradrachms from the ancient Kingdom of Elymais were minted under uncertain Arsacid (or Parthian) kings, which are showcased on the front side of the coins. The reverse sides of these coins show a more crudely engraved head surrounded by a Greek legend, although this design is typically very worn.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eElymais was a semi-independent state that existed during the 2nd century BCE to the early 3rd century CE that was frequently controlled by the Parthians. Elymaean culture appears to have been a complex blending of neighboring societies, likely due to trade that thrived in their territory due to control of the head of the Persian Gulf. While frequently controlled by the larger, more powerful Parthian Empire, Elymaeans maintained a level of autonomy, as indicated by their minting of their own currency.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eElymaean coins featured various symbols and motifs, drawing a lot of inspiration from neighboring states and Greek coinage. This includes crescents and pellets, royal portraits, and notably, an anchor symbol, which served as a marker for Elymaean kings. Abstract designs consisting of intersecting parallel or scattered lines were common on the reverse side of coins. Some numismatists speculate this is because the engravers didn’t know Greek, or were copying from coins that were already rendered illegible, although the true significance of these lines still remains unclear.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUltimately, very little is known about Elymais, and even which king is depicted on Elymaean coins has been a point of dispute. A significant amount of the information we know about Elymaean society has been gleaned from coins, due to their ability to be preserved in the archaeological record.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":49606141116700,"sku":"AC-ELYM-TET","price":74.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553792622876,"sku":"AC-ELYM-TET-NO","price":59.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Elymais_tet_in_box.png?v=1743104939"},{"product_id":"china-xin-dynasty-emperor-wang-mang-da-quan-wu-shi-7-to-14-ce-ancient-china","title":"China, Xin Dynasty, Emperor Wang Mang, Da Quan Wu Shi - 7 to 23 CE - Ancient China","description":"\u003cp\u003eThese ancient Chinese \"Da Quan Wu Shi\" coins date back to the reign of Emperor Wang Mang (7–23 CE), whose most significant contribution to China’s monetary system was plunging it into chaos.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWang Mang came to power by usurping Ruzi, the child emperor of the Han dynasty, for whom he was supposed to serve as regent until the emperor was old enough to rule. Wang Mang then declared himself the founder of the Xin dynasty and introduced sweeping reforms across the nation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Da Quan Wu Shi coins were part of Wang Mang’s initial currency reforms, with a face value equivalent to fifty of the Wu Zhu coins from the previous Han dynasty. However, Wang Mang aimed to phase out the Wu Zhu entirely, and between 9 and 10 CE, he introduced a complex and confusing currency system involving tortoise shells, cowrie shells, gold, silver, and a reintroduction of the old spade money.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis new system was highly unpopular with the Chinese population, who continued to use the old Han Wu Zhu coins despite Wang Mang threatening exile for doing so. Eventually, in 14 CE, he relented and reinstated a simpler copper currency system. Nevertheless, his unsuccessful reforms contributed to his downfall, and in 23 CE, Wang Mang was killed in a rebellion, ending the Xin dynasty after just 16 years.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDa Quan Wu Shi (大泉五十), which translates to \"Large Coin Fifty,\" is inscribed on each of these coins in seal script. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":49888754467100,"sku":"AC-CHINA-XIN-DQWS","price":39.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553791377692,"sku":"AC-CHINA-XIN-DQWS-NO","price":24.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/daquanwushi_in_box.jpg?v=1743104928"},{"product_id":"nabataean-kingdom-builders-of-petra-bronze-coin-c-95-bce-to-106-ce-middle-east","title":"Nabataean Kingdom (Builders of Petra), Bronze Coin - 95 BCE to 106 CE - Middle East","description":"\u003cp class=\"cvGsUA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"OYPEnA font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\"\u003eThe Nabataean Kingdom was an ancient state located between the Sinai Peninsula and the Arabian Peninsula. The state was found by a nomadic Bedouin Arab tribe who frequently moved their herds to find pasture and water. Because of this, the precise geographical origin of the Nabataean people remains unclear.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"cvGsUA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"OYPEnA font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\"\u003eThe kingdom’s best known legacy is Petra, an archaeological site in modern day Jordan that served as the state’s capital. The ancient city is renowned for its rock-cut architecture and water conduit system. Its proximity to incense trade routes made it a major commercial hub in antiquity, allowing the Nabataean people to amass considerable wealth.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"cvGsUA direction-ltr align-start para-style-body\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"OYPEnA font-feature-liga-off font-feature-clig-off font-feature-calt-off text-decoration-none text-strikethrough-none\"\u003eAs such, Nabataean coinage survives in large numbers today. Aretas III was the first king who’s portrait was featured on coins, beginning around the year 87 BCE. Though the kingdom did issue silver coinage, the most common form of currency were small bronze coins. These coins were similar in appearance to Judean prutot, especially since both used the motif of the crossed cornucopias. However, Nabataean coins present a unique artistic style, which is especially pronounced in their royal portraits.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan data-mce-fragment=\"1\"\u003eEach includes a \u003cstrong\u003eCertificate of Authenticity \u003c\/strong\u003eand is guaranteed genuine.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"History Hoard","offers":[{"title":"Include display case (+$0.00)","offer_id":50433129840924,"sku":"AC-NABATEA-BR","price":44.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false},{"title":"No display - just the coin and certificate\/info card (save $15.00 each)","offer_id":51553789935900,"sku":"AC-NABATEA-BR-NO","price":29.99,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0102\/1096\/7599\/files\/Nabataean_in_box.jpg?v=1743104916"}],"url":"https:\/\/www.historyhoard.com\/collections\/ancient-history-regular-stock.oembed?page=2","provider":"History Hoard","version":"1.0","type":"link"}